云南不同海拔花椒园昆虫群落结构及动态

调查了4种不同海拔花椒园昆虫群落组成及结构的周年变化,应用群落特征参数及主分量分析方法分析了昆虫群落特征及其在时间过程中的主导因素和时间格局.结果表明,随着海拔的逐渐上升,昆虫群落中种类数量逐渐减少,种群数量相对增加,群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度等指数逐渐下降,随时间的变化而波动的趋势逐渐明显,主导昆虫群落变化的最主要因子由天敌亚群落的物种数和个体数量综合因子逐渐转向害虫亚群落的物种数和个体数量综合因子.     

Purification partielle et propriétés des amylases de la poire

Three amylases E1, E2 and E3 have been extracted from Passe-Crassane pears pulp and partially purified. A good extraction of these enzymes is obtained only with non ionic detergents. Furthermore, solubilization of amylase E1 needs the use of these compounds. Separation of the 3 amylases is obtained by chromatography on Sephadex G100. E1 and E2 are β-amylases whereas E3 is an α-amylase. The first two have similar kinetic properties and interconversion of one form into the other is possible. It is suggested that the insoluble form E1 is the result of the association of β-amylase E2 with other compounds present in the fruit.     

基于SRAP分析的梨授粉品种亲缘关系对砀山酥梨石细胞含量的影响

利用SRAP分子标记,从88对引物中筛选出34对引物组合,分析砀山酥梨母本与授粉品种之间的亲缘关系,探讨梨授粉品种亲缘关系对砀山酥梨石细胞含量的影响。结果表明:授粉品种紫酥、鸭梨和马蹄黄与砀山酥梨亲缘关系较远,授粉品种华山、幸水和圆黄与砀山酥梨亲缘关系较近;砀山酥梨自然授粉果实石细胞含量为0.61%;选用紫酥、鸭梨和马蹄黄作授粉树时,果实石细胞含量分别为0.34%、0.33%、0.36%,低于自然授粉的砀山酥梨;选用华山、幸水和圆黄作授粉树时,果实石细胞含量分别为0.84%、0.70%、0.66%,高于自然授粉的砀山酥梨。选用与砀山酥梨亲缘关系较远的梨品种作授粉树可减少砀山酥梨石细胞含量,改善口感     

不同基因型梨木质素代谢对石细胞含量和果实口感的影响

以五种基因型梨果实为材料,对石细胞团的大小、分布进行解剖学观察,并测定石细胞、木质素含量和木质素相关合成酶PAL、POD、PPO活性,探讨不同基因型梨果实木质素代谢对石细胞含量及口感的影响.结果表明,不同基因型梨木质素含量高时,石细胞含量也高,石细胞团相对较大,分布较密集,口感差.各基因型的梨木质素、石细胞含量和大小为...     

云南红梨PyMT基因的克隆、原核表达和功能分析

金属硫蛋白(metallothioneins,MTs)是一种在生物中普遍存在的多功能蛋白.根据云红梨1号光特异性差减文库中获得的PyMT(Pyrus pyrifolia metallothionein)基因序列,PCR扩增4种红梨PyMT的基因组序列并进行序列分析;通过RT-PCR方法从云红梨1号果皮中扩增出PyMT基因,并将其命名为PyMT1(Pyrus pyrifo-lia metallothionein 1).构建原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1-PyMT1,在E.coli BL21中进行表达;通过在液体培养基中添加不同浓度的重金属离子,检测转化菌和对照菌的的生长曲线,分析PyMT1的功能.序列分析表明,PyMT1是典型的Metallothion 2.PyMT1氨基酸序列系统发育分析表明,PyMT1与MdMT亲缘关系最近.SDS-PAGE结果表明所表达蛋白与预期的大小一致;生长曲线结果表明工程菌对重金属离子Zn、Cu、Cd具有一定的耐受性.这些结果为进一步纯化、鉴定目的蛋白和研究其结构和功能奠定了基础.     

Mapping of two suppressors of OVATE (sov) loci in tomato

Tomato fruit shape varies significantly in the cultivated germplasm. To a large extent, this variation can be explained by four genes including OVATE. While most varieties with the OVATE mutation bear elongated fruits, some accessions carry round fruit, suggesting the existence of suppressors of OVATE in the germplasm. We developed three intraspecific F₂ populations with parents that carried the OVATE mutation but differed in fruit shape. We used a bulk segregant analysis approach and genotyped the extreme classes using a high-throughput genotyping platform, the SolCAP Infinium Assay. The analyses revealed segregation at two quantitative trait loci (QTLs), sov1 and sov2. These loci were confirmed by genotyping and QTL analyses of the entire population. More precise location of those loci using progeny testing confirmed that sov1 on chromosome 10 controlled obovoid and elongated shape, whereas sov2 on chromosome 11 controlled mainly elongated fruit shape. Both loci were located in intervals of <2.4 Mb on their respective chromosomes.     

Localization of feeding of Anomalococcus indicus (Hemiptera: Lecanodiaspididae) and supplementary biological notes: towards the biological management of the invasive tree Vachellia nilotica indica (Fabales: Mimosoideae) in North-Eastern Australia

Summary. Management of the invasive Vachellia nilotica indica infesting tropical grasslands of Northern Australia has remained unsuccessful to date. Presently Anomalococcus indicus is considered a potential agent in the biological management of V. n. indica. Whereas generic biological details of A. indicus have been known, their feeding activity and details of their mouthparts and the sensory structures that are associated with their feeding action are not known. This paper provides details of those gaps. Nymphal instars I and II feed on cortical-parenchyma cells of young stems of V. n. indica, whereas nymphal instars III and adult females feed on phloem elements of older shoots. Nymphal instars and adults (females) trigger stress symptoms in the feeding tissue with cells bearing enlarged and disfigured nuclei, cytoplasmic shrinkage, cytoplasmic trabeculae, abnormal protuberances and uneven cell wall thickening, unusual cell membrane proliferation, and exhausted and necrosed cells. Continuous nutrient extraction by A. indicus can cause stem death. We provide evidence that A. indicus, by virtue of its continuous feeding activity and intense population build up, can be an effective biological-management agent to regulate populations of V. n. indica in infested areas.     

Genetic diversity and gene flow estimates among three populations of Botryodiplodia theobromae causing die-back and bark canker of pear in Punjab

Three populations of Botryodiplodia theobromae causing die-back and bark canker of pear in Punjab were analysed to know about the genetic diversity, gene flow, heterogeneity and the probable rate of spread of races capable of overcoming the resistance present in elite cultivars. There was no relationship between the morphologically similar isolates and their pathogenic behaviour. Majority of the isolates of B. theobromae within and among the populations produced lesions of 1.9–7.2 × 0.8–3.1 cm size on detached pear twigs cv. Punjab Beauty. Incubation period and per cent infection also varied within and among the three populations of the pathogen. The genetic diversity was calculated on the basis of allele frequencies of nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers using Nei's genetic diversity formulae. Allele frequencies (X_ij ) varied significantly among the three populations ranging from 0.0 to 1.0. The mean genetic diversities within population (H _S) also varied in all the locations ranging from 0.18 to 0.36 indicating a high genetic diversity within the population. The total genetic diversity across all the populations (H _T) ranged between 0.1 and 0.5 with a mean of 0.36, and differed significantly from the mean H _S (0.25). Diversity indices of SSR loci varied from low (H _S < 0.1) to high (H _S > 0.4) across all the populations (G _ST) of B. theobromae in Punjab which were consistent over the presumed SSR loci with a mean G _ST of 0.29. The lower G _ST values of 0.13, 0.10, 0.11 and 0.13 were observed at LAS15-16, LAS27-28, BOT17-18 and BOT35-36 loci, respectively, showing high genetic diversity among all the isolates. However, at BOT19-20 locus, the G _ST value observed was 0.72 thereby indicating low diversity in the population at this locus. Out of 25 loci, 8 loci showed the gene flow (Nm) < 1 indicating a high genetic differentiation within the population and the remaining 6 loci showed the Nm > 1 indicating the frequent existence of gene flow across the populations of B. theobromae. Pairwise comparison (G _ST) values among all the loci were ranging from 0.18 to 0.19, which indicate a low genetic differentiation among the populations of B. theobromae. The high genetic diversity (H _S) within the population was observed in the present study suggesting that B. theobromae possess high variability in Punjab. Keeping this in view, new races would be expected soon outside the state of origin, as naturally occurring gene flow is likely to be increased by the human activity for comprehensive cultivation of pear in the near future. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the durability of resistant sources in Punjab, which in turn emphasises the identification and introgression of R genes into commercial cultivars.     

套袋黄冠梨果实花斑病发生与其组织结构变化的关系

以黄冠梨果实为试验材料,在调查套袋处理果实花斑病发生的基础上,研究了套袋及未套袋黄冠梨果实发育过程中的组织结构变化,并分析了发病果实的病部与正常果实组织结构差异。结果显示:(1)套3层袋果实花斑病的发病率为22.5%,而不套袋果实的发生率仅为1.5%。(2)未套袋果实角质层厚,而且呈波纹状分布,并渗入到表皮细胞间隙中,果实发育过程中厚度变化幅度不明显;套袋果实表面的角质层均匀一致,随果实迅速膨大,角质层变薄,且显著薄于未套袋果实,尤其是套3层袋与未套袋果实差异更大;套袋果实表皮细胞呈长方形,且较未套袋果实排列致密;不同套袋处理果实单宁细胞层数随果实发育逐渐减少,在花后90 d后,套袋处理与未套袋处理的厚度无显著差异。(3)套袋果实果肉薄壁细胞排列紧密,胞间隙小,其石细胞大小和密度均较未套袋果实小。(4)套袋果实花斑病发病部位角质层模糊,发病果实正常部位的角质层、表皮层厚度和单宁层均低于正常果实。研究表明,套袋黄冠梨果实表面组织结构发生较明显变化,它对梨果实花斑病的发生有重要影响。     

Processed kaolin as an alternative insecticide against the European pear sucker, Cacopsylla pyri (L.)

Abstract:  Application of processed kaolin particle film (Surround^® WP; Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, NJ, USA) repels insects without lethal effects; hence side effects on beneficial arthropods are low. Processed kaolin may be an alternative to broad-spectrum insecticides used against European pear sucker, Cacopsylla pyri (L.), in organic and conventional pear production. A small-plot field trial was conducted in spring 2003 to assess this hypothesis. Multiple applications of processed kaolin during the first flying period of C. pyri significantly reduced the number of nymphs compared to the untreated control. Processed kaolin protected pear trees at least as good as the standard organic insecticide rotenone. Since the effects on the summer population could not be assessed in this small-plot trial due to the high mobility of the adult C. pyri , a large-plot trial was conducted in 2004. Thereby, the processed kaolin showed a very high efficacy and the population of C. pyri was kept under a damaging level over the whole season. At the end of June the population density of C. pyri in the processed kaolin treated area was lower than in the IPM treated plot. In conclusion, kaolin shows promise as an alternative control for C. pyri in organic and IPM orchards.