Prior temperature exposure affects subsequent chilling sensitivity

The chilling sensitivity of small discs or segments of tissue excised from chillingsensitive species was significantly altered by prior temperature exposure subsequent to holding the tissue at chilling temperatures as measured by a number of physiological processes sensitive to chilling. This temperature conditioning was reversible by an additional temperature exposure before chilling, and mature-green and red-ripe tomato tissue exhibit similar chilling sensitivities. Exposing pericarp discs excised from tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Castelmart), a chilling-sensitive species, to temperatures from 0 to 37°C for 6 h before chilling the discs at 2.5°C for 4 days significantly altered the rate of ion leakage from the discs, but had no effect on the rate of ion leakage before chilling and only a minimal effect on discs held at a non-chilling temperature of 12°C. Exposing chillingsensitive tissue to temperatures below that required to induce heat-shock proteins but above 20°C significantly increased chilling sensitivity as compared to tissue exposed to temperatures between 10 and 20°C. Rates of ion leakage after 4 days of chilling at 2.5°C were higher from fruit and vegetative tissue of chilling-sensitive species (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Poinsett 76, and Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Young Beauty) that were previously exposed for 6 h to 32°C than from similar tissue exposed to 12°C. Exposure to 32 and 12°C had no effect on the rate of ion leakage from fruit tissue of chilling tolerant species (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious, Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett). Ethylene and CO₂ production were higher and lycopene synthesis was lower in chilled tomato pericarp discs that were previously exposed for 6 h to 32°C than the values from tissue exposed to 12°C for 6 h before chilling. Increased chilling sensitivity induced by a 6 h exposure to 32°C could be reversed by subsequent exposure to 12°C for 6 h.     

不同栽培管理梨园梨小食心虫发生程度研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园中的一种重要害虫。本论文采用性诱剂诱集法研究了不同栽培管理条件下梨园梨小食心虫发生的情况。结果表明,在5种不同种植模式的果园中,梨小食心虫在单植桃园中发生最重,试验期间梨小食心虫的日平均诱蛾量为10.9头/盆,与其他4种栽植模式果园的诱捕量均呈显著差异,且混有桃树的果园中梨小食心虫的发生数量多,而单植梨园、梨苹果混栽园、单植苹果园的梨小食心虫发生相对较轻。果实套袋的管理方法也可以显著降低梨小食心虫的发生数量,非套袋梨园的日平均诱捕量为13.8头/盆,是套袋梨园的1.52倍。试验还表明,不同品种和不同树龄的梨树对梨小食心虫的抗虫性均存在显著差异。酥梨比巴梨的抗虫性差,试验期间酥梨园的日平均诱捕量为12.6头/盆,是巴梨园的2.21倍,而40年老酥梨园日平均诱蛾量为12.5头/盆,是20年酥梨园诱蛾量的2.5倍。     

莱阳地区梨园、桃园、混栽桃梨园梨小食心虫发生规律

为明确莱阳地区不同栽培模式下单植梨园、单植桃园、混植桃梨园的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)发生规律,2009—2012年采用性诱芯法对以上果园梨小食心虫的发生规律进行探究并利用有效积温模型预测其发生代数。结果表明:梨小食心虫在莱阳地区一年可发生4代;第1³代主要发生在桃园,发生时间为4—8月上旬,第4代主要发生在梨园,发生时间为8月中下旬或9月初,为害一直可持续到10月中旬。梨小食心虫在不同寄主上发生时间不同,除第一代发生比较整齐之外,其他世代发生时间不统一,尤其是梨园。单植梨园和单植桃园的梨小食心虫都能单独完成发育世代,但数量有差异。通过比较其差异显著性,单植桃园13代主要发生在桃园,发生时间为4—8月上旬,第4代主要发生在梨园,发生时间为8月中下旬或9月初,为害一直可持续到10月中旬。梨小食心虫在不同寄主上发生时间不同,除第一代发生比较整齐之外,其他世代发生时间不统一,尤其是梨园。单植梨园和单植桃园的梨小食心虫都能单独完成发育世代,但数量有差异。通过比较其差异显著性,单植桃园1³代明显多于第4代,单植梨园第4代明显多于第13代明显多于第4代,单植梨园第4代明显多于第1³代。     

拉枝处理对‘翠冠’梨成花的影响及其调控机制

以‘翠冠’梨为研究材料,对枝条进行90°拉枝处理,探明拉枝对梨成花及其相关基因(LFY、TFL1和FT)的表达以及内源激素和营养物质含量的影响。结果表明:(1)90°拉枝处理能够大幅度提高‘翠冠’梨的成花率。(2)与不拉枝处理相比,90°拉枝处理的花芽分化促进类激素——玉米素(ZT)和脱落酸(ABA)的含量上升,花芽分化抑制类激素——赤霉素(GA3)和生长素(IAA)的含量下降,可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量在花芽分化期间大量积累,全氮含量(N)下降,C/N比显著提高,且成花促进基因(LFY和FT)的表达量上升,成花抑制基因(TFL1)的表达量下降。(3)相关分析显示,LFY、FT基因表达量与ZT、ABA含量呈显著正相关关系,与GA3、IAA含量呈显著负相关关系,与可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和C/N比呈显著正相关关系,与全氮含量呈显著负相关关系,而TFL1基因表达量与LFY、FT基因表达量呈显著负相关关系。研究认为,拉枝处理通过提高成花过程中花芽分化促进类内源激素含量和营养物质含量,上调成花促进基因表达水平,以及这些指标间相互影响共同调控提高‘翠冠’梨成花率。     

库尔勒香梨黑头病拮抗菌的筛选和鉴定

【背景】库尔勒香梨黑头病是近年来发现的一种由芸薹生链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicicola)XL2引起的采后病症,由于其高侵染率和高腐烂率造成了极大的经济损失,目前已成为库尔勒香梨采后储运的主要防治病症之一。【目的】发掘高效的库尔勒香梨黑头病拮抗菌,探索拮抗菌株的抑菌作用,为其生物防治提供潜在资源菌。【方法】从采后健康果蔬表面分离不同微生物,采用平板对峙法,以A.brassicicola XL2为靶标菌筛选具有拮抗作用的菌株,结合形态学观察、生理生化检测和16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定拮抗菌株分类地位;检测拮抗菌无菌滤液对A. brassicicola XL2的抑制效应,显微观察拮抗菌对A.brassicicola XL2菌丝生长的影响;验证拮抗菌发酵液在库尔勒香梨果实上的抑菌活性。【结果】从新疆油桃表面分离获得90株菌,其中菌株Y2对A. brassicicola XL2有较强拮抗作用,经鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。菌株Y2的无菌滤液对A. brassicicola XL2菌落生长具有明显抑制作用,2%的无菌滤液抑菌率达到70.96%;Y2无菌滤液造成A.brassicicola XL2菌丝扭曲变形、分枝增加、尖端出现致密结构等异常现象;Y2发酵液和无菌滤液明显抑制A.brassicicola XL2的孢子萌发;Y2发酵液在库尔勒香梨果实上具有较高抑菌活性,对库尔勒香梨病斑直径抑制率达到37.66%,深度抑制率达到42.74%。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)Y2能有效抑制A. brassicicola XL2的生长,对库尔勒香梨黑头病具有显著的生物防治效果。     

芽孢杆菌FJAT-55034的鉴定、生长特性及对梨轮纹病菌的抑菌活性

【背景】由葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)引起的梨轮纹病是梨栽培生产中的主要病害之一,造成巨大的经济损失。【目的】对梨轮纹病菌具有较高拮抗活性的菌株FJAT-55034进行鉴定、生长特性及抑菌活性评价,为梨轮纹病的生物防治提供菌种资源。【方法】采用形态学观察、生理生化测定和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行拮抗菌株FJAT-55034的鉴定;通过生长曲线、培养温度和pH测定,研究该菌株的生长特性。采用抑菌圈法测定该菌株的抑菌谱;采用共培养、显微镜观察和果实回接,测定菌株FJAT-55034对梨轮纹病菌生长的抑制作用。【结果】拮抗菌株FJAT-55034鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillusvelezensis)。该菌株在20-50℃(最适温度30℃)和pH 5.0-9.0 (最适pH值7.0)均能够生长,NaCl添加量为0-5%时,该菌株均能够较好地生长。菌株FJAT-55034对6种果树不同病原真菌均具有不同程度的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径范围为19.8-29.1 mm;与梨轮纹病菌共培养后,菌株FJAT-55034对菌丝生长的抑制率为77.2%。菌株FJAT-5...     

Detection of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma (16SrI) Associated with Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum schinifolium S. et Z.) witches' Broom Disease in Korea

Prickly ash trees with shortened internodes, proliferation of shoots, phyllody and witches' brooms were observed for the first time in Korea. A phytoplasma was detected in infected trees by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rDNA, 16S–23S intergenic spacer region and the fragment of rp operon sequences. The 16S rDNA sequences exhibited maximum (99.6%) similarity with Iranian lettuce phytoplasma, and the sequences of rp operon exhibited maximum (100%) similarity with golden rain phytoplasma. Based on the sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies, it was confirmed that phytoplasma infecting prickly ash trees in Korea belongs to the aster yellows group (subgroup 16SrI‐B).     

Characterization and in vitro selection for iron efficiency inPyrus andCydonia

Summary Responses to low Fe were characterized in tissue cultures ofPyrus amygdaliformis andCydonia oblonga (quince), two species used as rootstocks for pear. Cultured shoots and plantlets ofP. amygdaliformis had a higher chlorophyll concentration and Fe²⁺/total Fe ratio than those ofC. oblonga when grown under low Fe conditions. This tolerance to low Fe was correlated with high Fe³⁺-reducing ability and medium acidification. The adaptive responses were manifested in roots of plantlets, shoot bases, root cultures, and cell suspension cultures. Shoots were regenerated from leaves of quince and subjected to Fe-deficient conditions. Two somaclonal variants (IE-1 and IE-2) were recovered; each displayed higher ability to reduce Fe³⁺ and acidify the medium. These variants may be useful as rootstocks for regions with calcareous soils, which limit Fe availability.     

β-oxidation enzymes and the carnitine-dependent oxidation of palmitate and palmitoyl CoA in mitochondria from avocado

Two sites for the β-oxidation of fatty acids in avocado (Persea americana L.) mesocarp exist. One site is the microbody, the other the mitochondrion. It is apparent that the mitochondrial membrane barrier, which remains intact after sucrose density gradient centrifugation, prevents rapid access of acyl CoA substrates to matrix β-oxidation sites. Thus, intact mitochondria showed little β-oxidation enzyme activity. Rupturing of the mitochondrial membrane allowed rapid access of the acyl CoA substrates to matrix sites. Consequently, in ruptured mitochondria, high O₂-oxidation enzyme activities were measured. O₂ uptake studies further distinguished the two organellar sites of β-oxidation. During palmitoyl CoA oxidation, O₂ uptake was reduced by catalase and increased by KCN in the microbodies, whilst mitochondrial O₂ uptake was unaffected by catalase and reduced by KCN. This reflected the differing fates of FADH₂, produced during the first β-oxidation step, in the two organelles. In addition, only the mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids was carnitine-dependent.