全文获取类型
收费全文 | 934篇 |
免费 | 54篇 |
国内免费 | 14篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 18篇 |
2020年 | 15篇 |
2019年 | 12篇 |
2018年 | 21篇 |
2017年 | 18篇 |
2016年 | 19篇 |
2015年 | 30篇 |
2014年 | 30篇 |
2013年 | 52篇 |
2012年 | 27篇 |
2011年 | 29篇 |
2010年 | 29篇 |
2009年 | 51篇 |
2008年 | 40篇 |
2007年 | 22篇 |
2006年 | 43篇 |
2005年 | 30篇 |
2004年 | 36篇 |
2003年 | 28篇 |
2002年 | 32篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 18篇 |
1999年 | 23篇 |
1998年 | 14篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 14篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 21篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 17篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 16篇 |
1984年 | 19篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 21篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 14篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 15篇 |
1970年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有1002条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
171.
Pereira CP de Oliveira PR Furquim KC Bechara GH Camargo-Mathias MI 《Experimental parasitology》2011,(2):481-489
The tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus is currently considered an urban plague. For this reason many studies are intended to find methods to control these ectoparasites. Thus, the present study analyzed the ultrastructural modifications of the salivary glands cells of semi-engorged females of R. sanguineus resulting from their exposition to Fipronil (active ingredient of Frontline®). The studied individuals were divided into four groups. Group 1 was exposed to distilled water (control) and groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed to 1, 5 and 10 ppm of Fipronil, respectively. The salivary gland of ticks subjected to the acaricide showed accelerated process of cell death by atypical apoptosis, as well as augmented cell damages as the concentration of the chemical compound was increased. The acaricide toxicity at cellular level was demonstrated by remarkable changes of elements of the cytoskeleton and spherocrystals (extremely hard inorganic structures). However, tick defense mechanisms, such as the observed autofagic vacuoles proved the cells attempt to preserve their integrity and minimize the devastating action of this chemical compound on the salivary glands. 相似文献
172.
South A Stanger-Hall K Jeng ML Lewis SM 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2011,65(4):1099-1113
The beetle family Lampyridae (fireflies) encompasses ~100 genera worldwide with considerable diversity in life histories and signaling modes. Some lampyrid males use reproductive accessory glands to produce spermatophores, which have been shown to increase female lifetime fecundity. Sexual dimorphism in the form of neotenic and flightless females is also common in this family. A major goal of this study was to test a hypothesized link between female flight ability and male spermatophore production. We examined macroevolutionary patterns to test for correlated evolution among different levels of female neoteny (and associated loss of flight ability), male accessory gland number (and associated spermatophore production), and sexual signaling mode. Trait reconstruction on a molecular phylogeny indicated that flying females and spermatophores were ancestral traits and that female neoteny increased monotonically and led to flightlessness within multiple lineages. In addition, male spermatophore production was lost multiple times. Our evolutionary trait analysis revealed significant correlations between increased female neoteny and male accessory gland number, as well as between flightlessness and spermatophore loss. In addition, female flightlessness was positively correlated with the use of glows as female sexual signal. Transition probability analysis supported an evolutionary sequence of female flightlessness evolving first, followed by loss of male spermatophores. These results contribute to understanding how spermatophores have evolved and how this important class of seminal nuptial gifts is linked to other traits, providing new insights into sexual selection and life-history evolution. 相似文献
173.
PANNAGA KRISHNAMURTHY PAVITHRA A. JYOTHI‐PRAKASH LIN QIN JIE HE QINGSONG LIN CHIANG‐SHIONG LOH PRAKASH P. KUMAR 《Plant, cell & environment》2014,37(7):1656-1671
Salt exclusion at the roots and salt secretion in the leaves were examined in a mangrove, Avicennia officinalis. The non‐secretor mangrove Bruguiera cylindrica was used for comparative study of hydrophobic barrier formation in the roots. Bypass flow was reduced when seedlings were previously treated with high salt concentration. A biseriate exodermis was detected in the salt‐treated roots, along with an enhanced deposition of hydrophobic barriers in the endodermis. These barriers reduced Na+ loading into the xylem, accounting for a 90–95% salt exclusion in A. officinalis. Prominent barriers were found in the roots of B. cylindrica even in the absence of salt treatment. A cytochrome P450 gene that may regulate suberin biosynthesis was up‐regulated within hours of salt treatment in A. officinalis roots and leaves, corresponding with increased suberin deposition. X‐ray microanalysis showed preferential deposition of Na+ and Cl? in the root cortex compared with the stele, suggesting that the endodermis is the primary site of salt exclusion. Enhanced salt secretion and increased suberin deposition surrounding the salt glands were seen in the leaves with salt treatment. Overall, these data show that the deposition of apoplastic barriers increases resistance to bypass flow leading to efficient salt exclusion at the roots in mangroves. 相似文献
174.
175.
目的:明确大汗腺组织中ApoD和AR的表达水平与腋臭患者散发出气味间的关系,阐明两者在腋臭发病中的作用,为腋臭的临床治疗和干预奠定基础。方法:收集在我院整形外科就诊的腋臭病人腋下皮肤组织标本41例。手术前由3名医生共同判断患者腋下气味强度,按照能在≤1 m、≤3 m、≤5 m距离闻及气味把患者分为轻、中、重三组。随机抽取各组标本组织块进行RT-PCR检测,测定ApoD和AR在大汗腺组织中的含量。结果:根据气味强度判定标准,轻、中和重3组患者人数分别为:7人、11人和23人。按照AB 7500 Real-Time PCR系统分析结果所示ApoD相对表达量的等级与气味强度之间有线性关系(P0.05),ApoD相对表达量的等级随着气味强度的增加而升高;AR相对表达量的等级与气味强度之间有线性关系(P0.05),随着气味强度的增加而升高。结论:ApoD和AR的表达量与腋臭气味强度之间有着密切的联系。进一步证实AR可调节大汗腺组织ApoD的表达,为明确腋臭的发病机制提供了理论依据。 相似文献
176.
177.
178.
N. ChaÏb E. Kabré M. Métioui E. Alzola H. Amsallem A. Marino A. Moran J.P. Dehaye 《Peptides》1998,19(10):1759-1770
A cellular suspension from rat submandibular glands was prepared with collagenase. The intracellular pH (pHi) was estimated with 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxy-ethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). After exposure to NH4Cl, the pHi transiently increased (diffusion of NH3) and then dropped (influx of NH4+). Isoproterenol increased 2.5-fold the rate of NH4+ influx; bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na+-K+-2Cl−-cotransporter blocked the response to isoproterenol, confirming that the beta-adrenergic agonist stimulated the cotransporter. Forskolin (1 μmol/L) mimicked the response to isoproterenol. VIP (1 nmol/L-1 μmol/L) also increased the activity of the cotransporter. Cyclic AMP rather than calcium was the mediator of this activation since 1) carbachol which increased the [Ca2+]i fivefold increased the uptake of NH4+ by only 50%; 2) only high concentrations of VIP significantly increased the [Ca2+]i; 3) incubation in the presence of EGTA had no effect on the response to VIP; 4) low concentrations (nmol/L) of the neuropeptide increased the intracellular level of cAMP; and 5) the stimulation of the cotransporter by VIP, forskolin, and isoproterenol was inhibited by H8, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is concluded that the Na+-K+-2Cl−-cotransporter of rat submandibular glands is activated by isoproterenol, forskolin, and neuropeptides of the VIP family by a mechanism involving cAMP-dependent processes. The activation of the cotransporter by VIP could partly explain the potentiating effect of VIP on the response to sialagogues like substance P or muscarinic agonists.1 相似文献
179.
In our previous studies on sheep parotid secretory cells, we showed that the K+ current evoked by acetylcholine (ACh) was not carried by the high-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel which is so conspicuous in unstimulated cells, notwithstanding that the BK channel is activated by ACh. Since
several studies from other laboratories had suggested that the BK channel did carry the ACh-evoked K+ current in the secretory cells of the mouse mandibular gland, and that the current could be blocked with tetraethylammonium
(TEA), a known blocker of BK channels, we decided to investigate the ACh-evoked K+ current in mouse cells more closely. We studied whether the ACh-evoked K+ current in the mouse is inhibited by TEA and quinine. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and microspectrofluorimetric
measurement of intracellular Ca2+, we found that TEA and quinine do inhibit the ACh-evoked K+ current but that the effect is due to inhibition of the increase in intracellular Ca2+ evoked by ACh, not to blockade of a K+ conductance. Furthermore, we found that the K+ conductance activated when ionomycin is used to increase intracellular free Ca2+ was inhibited only by quinine and not by TEA. We conclude that the ACh-evoked K+ current in mouse mandibular cells does not have the blocker sensitivity pattern that would be expected if it were being carried
by the high-conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel. The properties of this current are, however, consistent with those of a 40 pS K+ channel that we have reported to be activated by ACh in these cells [16].
Received: 9 January 1996/Revised: 17 April 1996 相似文献
180.
Karim S Essenberg RC Dillwith JW Tucker JS Bowman AS Sauer JR 《Insect biochemistry and molecular biology》2002,32(12):159-1721
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) stimulates secretion of tick salivary gland proteins via a phosphoinositide signaling pathway and mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) (). Highly conserved intracellular SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptors) complex proteins are associated with the mechanism of protein secretion in vertebrate and invertebrate neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Proteins in the salivary glands of partially fed female lone star ticks cross-react individually with antibodies to synaptobrevin-2 (vesicle (v)-SNARE), syntaxin-1A, syntaxin-2 and SNAP-25 (target (t)-SNAREs), cytosolic alpha/beta SNAP and NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein), Ca(2+) sensitive synaptotagmin, vesicle associated synaptophysin, and regulatory cell trafficking GTPases Rab3A and nSec1. V-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins form an SDS-resistant, boiling sensitive core complex in the salivary glands. Antibodies to SNARE complex proteins inhibit PGE(2)-stimulated secretion of anticoagulant protein in permeabilized tick salivary glands. We conclude that SNARE and cell trafficking regulatory proteins are present and functioning in the process of PGE(2)-stimulated Ca(2+) regulated protein secretion in tick salivary glands. 相似文献