维生素D联合肺泡灌洗对机械通气重症肺炎患者血清CHE、PA的影响

摘要 目的：探讨维生素D联合肺泡灌洗对机械通气重症肺炎患者血清胆碱酯酶（Cholinesterase,CHE）、前白蛋白（Prealbumin,PA）的影响。方法：2018年8月到2021年2月选择在本院重症监护病房（Intensive Care Unit,ICU）诊治的重症肺炎患者78例作为研究对象,根据随机信封1:1抽签原则将患者分为联合组与对照组各39例。对照组给予肺泡灌洗治疗,联合组在对照组治疗基础上给予外源性维生素D治疗,两组均给予机械通气治疗,且治疗观察2周。结果：治疗后联合组的总有效率为97.4 %,高于对照组的84.6 %（P<0.05）。所有患者在治疗期间都无出现窒息、气胸、气道痉挛、心律失常等不良反应,联合组的入住ICU时间与ICU费用少于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗后的第1秒FEV₁、PaO₂高于治疗前（P<0.05）,联合组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗后的血清CHE、PA水平高于治疗前（P<0.05）,联合组高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：维生素D联合肺泡灌洗在机械通气重症肺炎患者的应用能抑制血清CHE、PA的表达,改善血气状况与肺功能,提高治疗效果,缩短入住ICU时间与降低ICU费用。     

Multi-step Preparation Technique to Recover Multiple Metabolite Compound Classes for In-depth and Informative Metabolomic Analysis

Metabolomics is an emerging field which enables profiling of samples from living organisms in order to obtain insight into biological processes. A vital aspect of metabolomics is sample preparation whereby inconsistent techniques generate unreliable results. This technique encompasses protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction as a means of fractionating metabolites into four distinct classes. Improved enrichment of low abundance molecules with a resulting increase in sensitivity is obtained, and ultimately results in more confident identification of molecules. This technique has been applied to plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid samples with volumes as low as 50 µl.  Samples can be used for multiple downstream applications; for example, the pellet resulting from protein precipitation can be stored for later analysis. The supernatant from that step undergoes liquid-liquid extraction using water and strong organic solvent to separate the hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Once fractionated, the hydrophilic layer can be processed for later analysis or discarded if not needed. The hydrophobic fraction is further treated with a series of solvents during three solid-phase extraction steps to separate it into fatty acids, neutral lipids, and phospholipids. This allows the technician the flexibility to choose which class of compounds is preferred for analysis. It also aids in more reliable metabolite identification since some knowledge of chemical class exists.     

Autotaxin in the crosshairs: Taking aim at cancer and other inflammatory conditions

Autotaxin is a secreted enzyme that produces most of the extracellular lysophosphatidate from lysophosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipid in blood plasma. Lysophosphatidate mediates many physiological and pathological processes by signaling through at least six G-protein coupled receptors to promote cell survival, proliferation and migration. The autotaxin/lysophosphatidate signaling axis is involved in wound healing and tissue remodeling, and it drives many chronic inflammatory conditions from fibrosis to colitis, asthma and cancer. In cancer, lysophosphatidate signaling promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and increases both angiogenesis and metastasis. Research into autotaxin inhibitors is accelerating, both as primary and adjuvant therapy. Historically, autotaxin inhibitors had poor bioavailability profiles and thus had limited efficacy in vivo. This situation is now changing, especially since the recent crystal structure of autotaxin is now enabling rational inhibitor design. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on autotaxin-mediated disease processes including cancer, and discuss recent advancements in the development of autotaxin-targeting strategies. We will also provide new insights into autotaxin as an inflammatory mediator in the tumor microenvironment that promotes cancer progression and therapy resistance.     

Microbial Community of a Hydrothermal Mud Vent Underneath the Deep-Sea Anoxic Brine Lake Urania (Eastern Mediterranean)

The composition of a metabolically active prokaryotic community thriving in hydrothermal mud fluids of the deep-sea hypersaline anoxic Western Urania Basin was characterized using rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis of a clone library. The physiologically active prokaryotic assemblage in this extreme environment showed a great genetic diversity. Most members of the microbial community appeared to be affiliated to yet uncultured organisms from similar ecosystems, i.e., deep-sea hypersaline basins and hydrothermal vents. The bacterial clone library was dominated by phylotypes affiliated with the epsilon-Proteobacteria subdivision recognized as an ecologically significant group of bacteria inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Almost 18% of all bacterial clones were related to delta-Proteobacteria, suggesting that sulfate reduction is one of the dominant metabolic processes occurring in warm mud fluids. The remaining bacterial phylotypes were related to alpha- and beta-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Deinococcus-Thermus, KB1 and OP-11 candidate divisions. Moreover, a novel monophyletic clade, deeply branched with unaffiliated 16S rDNA clones was also retrieved from deep-sea sediments and halocline of Urania Basin. Archaeal diversity was much lower and detected phylotypes included organisms affiliated exclusively with the Euryarchaeota. More than 96% of the archaeal clones belonged to the MSBL-1 candidate order recently found in hypersaline anoxic environments, such as endoevaporitic microbial mats, Mediterranean deep-sea mud volcanoes and anoxic basins. Two phylotypes, represented by single clones were related to uncultured groups DHVE-1 and ANME-1. Thus, the hydrothermal mud of hypersaline Urania Basin seems to contain new microbial diversity. The prokaryotic community was significantly different from that occurring in the upper layers of the Urania Basin since 60% of all bacterial and 40% of all archaeal phylotypes were obtained only from mud fluids. The uniqueness of the composition of the active prokaryotic community could be explained by the complex environmental conditions at the site. The interaction of oxygenated warm mud fluids with the cold hypersaline brine of the Urania Basin seems to simultaneously select for various metabolic processes, such as aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophy, sulfide- and methane-dependent chemotrophy along with anaerobic oxidation of methane, sulfate- and metal-reduction.     

支气管扩张合并支气管哮喘患者支气管肺泡灌洗液病原菌培养及药敏状况研究

目的:对支气管扩张合并支气管哮喘患者支气管肺泡灌洗液病原菌培养及药敏状况展开分析,实现多药耐药医院感染的有效预防与控制。方法:随机选取2010年9月~2013年8月期间收治的50例支气管扩张症合并支气管哮喘患者,对50例患者支气管肺泡灌洗液标本进行病原学检测及药敏试验,并对临床感染资料及病原菌耐药性进行统计学分析。结果:50例支气管扩张症合并支气管哮喘患者支气管肺泡灌洗液培养阳性率为30例,60.0%,共分离出48株细菌。其中,革兰阳性球菌5株,占分离菌的10.4%;革兰阴性杆菌41株,占分离菌的85.4%;真菌2株,占分离菌的4.2%。41株革兰阴性杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性分别为:复方新诺明73.1%,阿米卡星22.0%,环丙沙星14.6%,头孢曲松48.8%,头孢噻肟41.5%,头孢哌酮19.5%,头孢他啶20.7%,头孢他啶/舒巴坦12.1%,头孢吡肟22.0%,庆大霉素17.1%,阿莫西林/克拉维酸41.5%,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦19.5%。结论:铜绿假单胞菌是支气管扩张合并哮喘患者感染中的常见病原菌,医务人员要结合病原菌高耐药率、高分离阳性率的特征,合理运用抗菌药物控制传播。     

Life-Cycle Assessment of Mineral and Rapeseed Oil in Mobile Hydraulic Systems

The use of rapeseed oil in mobile hydraulic systems has become more widespread over recent years. This is because of concern about the environment in which the systems work and the perceived benefit of using such fluids. This article examines the major segments of the life cycle of mineral and rapeseed oil as used in mobile hydraulic systems, with case studies of a forestry harvester and a road sweeper. It shows that the systems running on rapeseed oil are not necessarily better for the environment. Many of the environmental issues examined in the study were affected more negatively by the use of rapeseed oil than mineral oil. The main exception to this was greenhouse gas emissions, which are consistently higher for systems using mineral oil because of the use of fossil resources.
This study examines the production of the machinery, the oils, and their use throughout the machines' lives. The poor environmental performance of the rapeseed oil is due mainly to its poor performance in the field. This is because it does not respond as well to high pressure and temperature as mineral oil, causing it to need more frequent replacement during use. This, in turn, influences the definition of the functional unit used in the life-cycle assessment that was conducted. Also, the rapeseed oil has more corrosive qualities than the mineral oil, and more hydraulic components need replacing during the life of a machine running on rapeseed oil than one running on mineral oil.     

Molecular simulation and experimental studies on the interfacial properties of a mixed surfactant SDS/C4mimBr

Mixed surfactants have potential applications in various fields. The understanding and prediction of their macro- and microscopic properties are of great importance in the designing of these materials. We used molecular dynamics (MD) and experiments to study the interfacial tension and the microscopic structures of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/C₄mimBr mixed surfactant at the water/hexane interface. The interfacial tension, density profile, radial distribution function (RDF), orientation distribution of the tails and order parameters have been examined. It seems that the addition of C₄mimBr decreased the interfacial tension; a higher C₄mimBr concentration resulted in a thicker interface, a smaller droplet, and more disordered SDS tails. The competition between free volume and electrostatic shielding seems to be the primary mechanism behind these phenomena.     

The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress

S100B is a calcium-binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra-neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.     

哺乳动物乳汁miRNA的研究进展

作为真核生物体内重要的调控分子,miRNA可存在于包括血清、血浆、唾液、尿液在内的多种动物体液之中。最近的研究表明哺乳动物的乳汁中也分泌miRNA,表明miRNA有可能通过哺乳传递给新生个体,从而调控新生个体发育过程中的某些关键生理、生化途径,协助其正常发育。这一发现很可能揭开了哺乳动物世代间miRNA进行功能基因表达调控的研究序幕。文章对哺乳动物乳汁中miRNA的发现过程,这些miRNA在乳汁中的存在形态及其分离技术,以及其中数个重要miRNA的已知功能作简要概述,并探讨了相关的后续研究任务及其面临的挑战。