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141.
A universal and reliable assay for molecular sex identification of three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) 下载免费PDF全文
In heterogametic species, biological differences between the two sexes are ubiquitous, and hence, errors in sex identification can be a significant source of noise and bias in studies where sex‐related sources of variation are of interest or need to be controlled for. We developed and validated a universal multimarker assay for reliable sex identification of three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). The assay makes use of genotype scores from three sex‐linked loci and utilizes Bayesian probabilistic inference to identify sex of the genotyped individuals. The results, validated with 286 phenotypically sexed individuals from six populations of sticklebacks representing all major genetic lineages (cf. Pacific, Atlantic and Japan Sea), indicate that in contrast to commonly used single‐marker‐based sex identification assays, the developed multimarker assay should be 100% accurate. As the markers in the assay can be scored from agarose gels, it provides a quick and cost‐efficient tool for universal sex identification of three‐spined sticklebacks. The general principle of combining information from multiple markers to improve the reliability of sex identification is transferable and can be utilized to develop and validate similar assays for other species. 相似文献
142.
基于流域尺度的土壤盐分空间变异特征——以渭干河-库车河流域三角洲绿洲为例 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
土壤中水溶性盐的分析,是发展研究盐渍土盐分动态监测与预报技术的重要基础工作。针对目前干旱半干旱区广泛存在的绿洲土壤次生盐渍化问题,基于GIS和地统计学方法,研究了渭干河—库车河流域三角洲绿洲盐渍化土壤特征(土壤含盐量)的空间变异性。研究结果表明:渭-库绿洲土壤含盐量的空间变异性为中等变异,且随土壤深度增加而减弱。各层土壤的合理采样数为在95%置信水平,20%误差下的合理采样数目。高斯模型能够较好的拟合10-30cm及30-50cm层土壤含盐量的空间结构。各层土壤盐分空间变异性受到结构性与随机性因素共同作用的影响,呈强空间相关性。套合结构模型考虑到0-10cm层土壤盐分空间变异的尺度依赖性,能够更好的拟合0-10cm层土壤含盐量的空间结构。Kriging插值以及空间等值线分布趋势图能够直观的表现研究区内土壤盐分含量的空间分布状况和变化情况。研究为土壤特征变量空间变异分析与评价提供了普适性较强的实现方法,为构建盐渍土定量动态监测模型以及盐渍土的改良利用提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
143.
A near infrared spectroscopic method was developed to determine drug content in a 20% (wt/wt) ibuprofen and spray-dried hydous
lactose blend. A blending profile was obtained after blending for 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 minutes. Stream sampling was used
to collect about 20 blend samples at each of the blending times from a laboratory scale V-blender. The samples collected were
used to develop a near infrared calibration model. The calibration model was then used to determine the drug content of unknown
samples from 2 validation blends. The validation blends were not included in the calibration model; they were used to evaluate
the effectiveness of the calibration model. A total of 45 samples from the 2 validation blends were predicted by the near
infrared calibration model and then analyzed by a validated UV spectrophotometric method. The root mean square error of prediction
for the first validation blend was 5.69 mg/g and 3.30 mg/g for the samples from the second blend. A paired t test at the 95%
confidence level did not indicate any differences between the drug content predicted by the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
method and the validated UV method for the 2 blends. The results show that the NIRS method could be developed while the blending
profile is generated and used to thoroughly characterize a new formulation during development by analyzing a large number
of samples. The new formulation could be transferred to a manufacturing plant with an NIRS method to facilitate blend uniformity
analysis. 相似文献
144.
菜蚜二项式抽样设计及其精度分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
1990~1992年间对杭州市郊区青菜上桃蚜(Myzuspersicae)、萝卜蚜(Lipaphiserysimi)及其混合种群的田间近100组调查数据,利用每样方(株)虫口不超过数阈值T(分别为0、1、5、10、20、30、40)头蚜虫的植株比例(PT)与种群密度(m,头·株-1)的关系,通过拟合经验公式ln(m)=a+bln[-ln(PT)]而设计的二项式抽样.通过对三者不同数阈值(T)的回归决定系数(r2)、种群密度的回归估计方差(Var(m))、抽样精度(以d表示)和实际应用等的比较,结果表明当桃蚜种群处于较高密度即m≥10时,其理想的T值为30;当萝卜蚜种群处于较高密度即m≥5时,其理想的T值为10;而它们的混合种群未得到其理想的T值.数阈值T为30和10可分别用于桃蚜和萝卜蚜的二项式抽样设计.而传统的二项式抽样即0~1抽样由于应用于小白菜上菜蚜的抽样设计时产生很大的误差,不宜采用. 相似文献
145.
通过空间分布型指数分析,甘薯象对薯块、著株危害空间分布型为随机分布或均匀分布;同时确定了理论抽样数 相似文献
146.
根据14丘稻田稻茎毛眼水蝇幼虫调查资料.对其幼虫分布型进行了分析。结果表明;用I、CAm/m、Iσ四种聚集指标法测定,64.3%的田块呈随机分布.28.4%为均匀分布.7.3%为聚集分布。用Iwao平均拥挤度和Taylor幂法则测定.其田间分布型符合随机分布。用频次拟合法测验,50%的田块同时符合渡松、奈曼和负二项分布三种分布型;35.7%的田块同时符合2种分布型。根据该虫田间分布型的特点.制定了相应的序贯抽样技术。 相似文献
147.
雪豹(Panthera uncia)隶属于食肉目猫科豹属,是生活在青藏高原及其周边地区的旗舰物种。随着分子生物学和高通量测序技术的发展,雪豹保护遗传学和保护基因组学研究得到快速的发展,其中非损伤性遗传取样法显著推动了雪豹保护遗传学研究。本文综述了非损伤性遗传取样法在雪豹物种鉴定、个体识别和性别鉴定等研究中的应用,雪豹的系统发生地位、系统地理格局和种群遗传结构及其亚种争议、演化历史、适应性演化和基因组特征等保护遗传学和基因组学方面的研究现状和进展,并对雪豹保护遗传学和基因组学未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期促进雪豹保护生物学研究和保护对策的科学制定。 相似文献
148.
The influence of prior ovipositional experience on host selection in four species of aphidiid wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We evaluated the influence of prior ovipositional experience on host selection in four solitary parasitoids, Aphidius erviHaliday, A. pisivorusSmith, A. smithiSharma & Subba Rao, and Praon pequodorumViereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). When provided simultaneously with equal numbers of two species of aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris) and Macrosiphum creeliiDavis (Homoptera: Aphididae), all four parasitoids showed a moderate to strong preference for A. pisum.This preference did not increase after sampling, except in P. pequodorum.Learning did not alter host selection behavior in A. erviand P. pequodorum.However, females of A. pisivorusconditioned on A. pisumselected fewer M. creeliithan unconditioned wasps and wasps conditioned on M. creelii.It is suggested that prior ovipositional experience influences a parasitoid's expectations of the kinds of hosts available, but it does not alter the (innate) rank order of hosts. 相似文献
149.
Cereal aphids infesting spring wheat in southwestern Idaho were surveyed during 1988 and 1989 for the presence of entomophthoralean
fungi and hymenopterous parasitoids. Cereal aphids killed by the fungi (cadavers) and parasitoids (mummies) includedDiuraphis noxia (Mordvilko),Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker),Sitobion avenae (F.), andSchizaphis graminum (Rondani). Taylor's power law was used to describe the relationships between mean densities of cadavers or mummies (number
per tiller) and associated variances. Except forS. graminum mummies, which were at low levels throughout the growing seasons and tended to be randomly distributed, Taylor's slopes exceeded
1.0 for all the aphid cadavers and mummies, indicating varying degrees of clumping in spatial pattern. The spatial patterns
ofD. noxia andM. dirhodum cadavers were similar, simply reflecting those of their own populations, but more aggregated than were their respective mummies
resulting from parasitoid attack. The intercepts and slopes from the power law analysis were used to generate functional relationships
between the proportion of wheat tillers bearing cadavers or mummies of each aphid species and the mean density, and develop
optimal numerical (direct counting) and binomial (presence or absence) sample size curves for both cadavers and mummies of
each aphid species.
相似文献
150.
种群空间格局是生态学研究的基本问题之一。典型草原带由于过度放牧退化严重, 原生群落罕见, 探讨原生群落的种群空间格局具有重要生态学意义。大针茅(Stipa grandis)草原是典型草原区广泛分布的主要群落类型, 1979年围封的大针茅样地, 是目前保存完整的大针茅草原原生群落。本文选择大针茅草原原生群落和长期过度放牧群落, 应用O-Ring函数结合不同零假设模型分析了大针茅种群的空间格局。结果表明: 在原生群落中大针茅种群在小尺度范围内呈均匀分布, 而在长期过度放牧群落中则表现为聚集分布。这说明在大针茅草原原生群落中竞争是主要的相互作用, 而在长期过度放牧群落中正相互作用居主导, 验证了胁迫梯度假说; 同时证明长期过度放牧改变了种群空间格局。 相似文献