蒙古野驴的繁殖行为观察

2014年6月至2015年8月期间,对分布在内蒙古自治区包头市达尔罕茂明安联合旗中蒙边境地区(41°14′~42°40′N,109°16′~110°26′E)和内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市乌拉特梭梭林-蒙古野驴国家级自然保护区(41°50′~42°27′N,106°15′~108°00′E)的两个野驴群(1♂3♀和2♂3♀)的繁殖行为进行研究。采用目标取样法以及目标取样法与扫描取样法相结合的方法对蒙古野驴的发情交配、产前反应、生产过程及产后行为进行观察。共记录到4类35种繁殖行为,分别为争斗行为、性行为、分娩行为和母幼联系行为。结果表明,雄驴平均日爬跨(4.2±1.7)次(n=14),射精(3.7±1.3)次(n=13),平均邀配持续时间(从雌雄驴靠近调情始到爬跨或其中一个走开止)为(26.6±22.0)s(n=13),平均抽动持续时间为(10.6±1.9)s(n=14),平均阴茎置入持续时间为(18.3±8.8)s(n=13),平均爬跨间隔为(685.7±569.6)s(n=14),平均射精间隔为(924.0±790.0)s(n=10)。蒙古野驴的交配模式属于Dewsbury分类系统中的第11种(无锁结、有抽动、单次插入、多次射精)类型和Dixon分类系统中的第12种(无锁结、有抽动、单次插入、无单次长时间插入)类型。本研究较完整地建立了蒙古野驴繁殖行为谱,提供了繁殖行为方面的基础资料。     

Effects of nitrogen addition on leaf traits of common species in natural Pinus tabuliformis forests in Taiyue Mountain,Shanxi Province,China

Aims Our objectives were to explore the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on leaf traits and ecological stoichiometry characteristics of common species in natural Pinus tabuliformis forests.
Methods We conducted the experiment of nitrogen (N) addition from 2009 to 2013 in the natural Pinus tabuliformis forests in Taiyue Mountain, Shanxi, China. The levels of N addition were 0 (control), 50 (low-N), 100 (medium-N) and 150 (high-N) kg·hm^-2·a^-1, respectively. Eleven common plant species in 12 20 m × 20 m plots were selected, including Pinus tabuliformis, Quercus mongolica, Acer ginnala, Corylus mandshurica, Cornus bretschneideri, Spiraea salicifolia, Lonicera maackii, Carex callitrichos, Diarrhena mandshurica, Anemone tomentosa, and Polygonatum odoratum. Nine leaf traits were measured, including leaf thickness (LT), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen content (LNC), leaf phosphorus content (LPC), and other four.
Important findings We found that: 1) LT and SLA of Polygonatum odoratum significantly differed among four levels of N addition. Leaf area (LA) and LDMC of several species, such as Spiraea salicifolia, had significant difference among the N addition concentration. LNC of all species, chlorophyll content (CC) and LPC of most species increased significantly with the addition of N. Leaf N:P of 9 species varied significantly, and leaves with different types and ages showed different responses to N addition. 2) Leaf traits were significantly correlated with each other. For instance, SLA was significantly positively correlated with LNC and LPC. In contrast LT was negatively connected with LNC and LPC. In addition, the degree of correlation changed with the level of N addition. 3) The pattern of species distribution in leaf trait space was consistent with the prediction from the theory of Leaf Economic Spectrum (LES). N addition drove species moving along axis 1 in the trait space, and propelled them towards different directions along axis 2, which indicated that these species tended to take the “fast investment-return” strategy. These results suggested that with the change of environmental conditions, plants changed their survival strategy and adjusted resource allocation to maintain the stability of communities. This is the inherent characteristic of plants, thus the formation of LES did not depend on the environment change.     

北京鸭红细胞铜锌超氧化物歧化酶电荷异构体的分离和某些性质

等电聚焦表明,北京鸭红细胞铜锌超氧化物歧化酶由等电点分别为５．０,５．３,５．９,６．１和６．５的五个主要的活性组分（电荷异构体）构成,利用分析型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳进行电荷异构体的制备级分离,采用三氯乙酸沉淀法快速确定蛋白条带的位置,电渗洗脱法回收蛋白,获得其中两个电荷异构体,对比研究结果表明电荷异构体的活性,氨基酸组成,二级结构等性质无明显差异。     

Convergent synaptic and circuit substrates underlying autism genetic risks

There has been a surge of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders （ASD） over the past decade. While large, high powered genome screening studies of children with ASD have identified numerous genetic risk factors, research efforts to understanding how each of these risk factors contributes to the development autism has met with limited success. Revealing the mechanisms by which these genetic risk factors affect brain development and predispose a child to autism requires mechanistic understanding of the neurobiological changes underlying this devastating group of developmental disorders at multifaceted molecular, cellular and system levels. It has been increasingly clear that the normal trajectory of neurodevelopment is compromised in autism, in multiple domains as much as aberrant neuronal production, growth, functional maturation, patterned connectivity, and balanced excitation and inhibition of brain networks. Many autism risk factors identified in humans have been now reconstituted in experimental mouse models to allow mechanistic interrogation of the biological role of the risk gene. Studies utilizing these mouse models have revealed that underlying the enormous heterogeneity of perturbed cellular events, mechanisms directing synaptic and circuit assembly may provide a unifying explanation for the pathophysiological changes and behavioral endophenotypes seen in autism, although synaptic perturbations are far from being the only alterations relevant for ASD. In this review, we discuss synaptic and circuit abnormalities obtained from several prevalent mouse models, particularly those reflecting syndromic forms of ASD that are caused by single gene perturbations. These compiled results reveal that ASD risk genes contribute to proper signaling of the developing gene networks that maintain synaptic and circuit homeostasis, which is fundamental to normal brain development.     

基于谱域相干的细胞动态检测技术

将谱域光学相干层析技术（Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography,SD-OCT）应用于细胞膜厚的动态检测,引入了光谱干涉测量方法,通过对干涉光谱信号进行离散傅里叶变换得到表示物体深度位置信息的光程差信号。搭建了一套SD-OCT测量系统并设计了专门用于细胞检测的样品平台,检测精度达到μm量级,信噪比达70 db,是一种快速、实时、非接触的细胞分子膜厚动态检测技术。     

甘草次酸对Bloom解旋酶生物学特性的影响

甘草次酸(glycyrrhetinic acid,GA)是甘草主要活性组分,可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞生长.然而,其对BLM解旋酶的抑制作用尚未见报道.本文注视甘草次酸对BLM解旋酶构象、二级结构和生化活性的影响.圆二色光谱和紫外光谱分析显示,GA可破坏BLM642-1290解旋酶α-螺旋结构,改变其构象,并具有2个结合位点.采用荧光偏振技术和自由磷检测证明,GA以浓度依赖的方式抑制BLM642-1290解旋酶与底物dsDNA及ssDNA的结合,抑制BLM642-1290解旋酶活性及ATP酶活性,且抑制类型为混合抑制.综上所述,本文证明GA可通过结合BLM解旋酶,改变BLM解旋酶构象,抑制BLM解旋酶与DNA的结合,从而抑制BLM解旋酶的生化活性.我们的发现将对深入认识GA的抗肿瘤作用有新的启示.     

印度犀牛角的化学成分分析

本文以印度犀牛角为主要研究对象,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、全自动氨基酸分析仪分析其红外光谱、化学成分等特征,旨在为犀牛角替代品、人工合成品的研究提供部分基础数据。结果表明：红外光谱中氨基酸、磷脂酸、牛磺酸等相关的吸收峰明显;犀牛角主要的无机成分为CaO、Fe₂O₃、K₂O、ZnO、SiO₂等;氨基酸含量为481.01 mg/g,药用氨基酸含量丰富,氨基酸组成与标准蛋白的贴近度为0.74。结果表明犀牛角具有较高的营养价值。     

水稻蛋白质组学研究

水稻是全球最重要的粮食作物之一,目前水稻基因组精细图谱已得到全面解析,运用以双向电泳和质谱分析为主的蛋白质组技术平台对水稻各种组织器官进行蛋白质组学研究也取得了诸多进展,对水稻蛋白质组研究背景,技术路线及取得的进展进行了介绍,并对水稻蛋白质组的发展作了展望。     

海洋抑菌放线菌Y15的筛选、鉴定及其代谢产物理化性质

【目的】筛选产广谱、高效抑菌活性物质的海洋放线菌,为新型抗生素的开发奠定基础。【方法】采用琼脂块法初筛,打孔扩散法复筛,以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌为指示菌从海泥样品中筛选目标菌株;利用20种指示菌株考查Y10、Y11、Y15、Y16和Y21的抑菌谱;通过形态观察和16S r RNA基因序列分析确定菌株分类地位;以单核细胞增生李斯特菌的OD600值为指标探讨Y15抑菌活性物质对该菌的作用方式;以抑菌活性为指标研究Y15抑菌活性物质的理化性质。【结果】共分离12株具抑菌活性的海洋放线菌,其中Y15抑菌谱最广,对20种指示菌株中的18种具有抑菌活性,并且在4种培养基中均能产生抑菌活性物质。16S r RNA基因序列分析表明Y15属于小单孢菌属,并与Micromonospora endolithica亲缘关系最近。Y15抑菌活性物质在144 h达到最高值为480 AU/m L,在168-216 h保持平衡为320 AU/m L。Y15抑菌活性物质对单核细胞李斯特菌作用方式为杀菌。Y15抑菌活性物质在-20-60°C抑菌活性保持稳定,在80-120°C活性逐渐下降,但在120°C处理30 min仍保留37.5%的活性;在p H 7.0-10.0抑菌活性稳定,在p H 2.0-6.0和p H 11.0-12.0抑菌活性均有所损失;Y15抑菌活性物质对紫外和4种酶(蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶)处理均保持稳定,表明活性物质为非蛋白和非多肽类的抑菌物质。【结论】Y15产生的活性物质具有良好的抑菌谱和抑菌活性,且较为稳定,具有较高的应用价值。