Associations between oral hygiene habits,diet, tobacco and alcohol and risk of oral cancer: A case–control study from India

ObjectiveThis study examines the association between the incidence of oral cancer in India and oral hygiene habits, diet, chewing and smoking tobacco, and drinking alcohol. We also assessed the effects of oral hygiene habits with oral cancer risk among chewers versus never chewers.MethodsA hospital-based case–control study was conducted in Pune, India, based on face-to-face interviews, anthropometry, and intra-oral examinations conducted for 187 oral cancer cases and 240 controls.ResultsPoor oral hygiene score was associated with a significant risk of oral cancer (adjusted OR = 6.98; 95%CI 3.72–13.05). When stratified by tobacco-chewing habit, the poor oral hygiene score was a significant risk factor only among ever tobacco chewers (adjusted OR = 14.74; 95%CI 6.49–33.46) compared with never chewers (adjusted OR = 0.71; 95%CI 0.14–3.63). Dental check-ups only at the time of pain by ever-chewers with poor oral hygiene was associated with an elevated risk (adjusted OR = 4.22; 95%CI 2.44–7.29), while consumption of green, yellow, and cruciferous vegetables and citrus fruits was protective. A linear dose–response association was observed between oral cancer and chewing tobacco in terms of age at initiation, duration, and frequency of chewing per day (P < 0.001). Smoking more than 10 bidis/cigarettes per day (adjusted OR = 2.74; 95%CI 1.28–5.89) and for a duration >25 years (adjusted OR = 2.31; 95%CI 1.14–4.71) elevated the risk of oral cancer.ConclusionGood oral hygiene habits – as characterized by healthy gums, brushing more than once daily, use of toothpaste, annual dental check-ups, and a minimal number of missing teeth – can reduce the risk of oral cancer significantly. In addition to refraining from chewing/smoking tobacco, a diet adequate in fruits and vegetables may protect against the disease.     

EMG Reactivity and Oral Habits Among Young Adult Headache Sufferers and Painfree Controls in a Scheduled-Waiting Task

Previous research has shown that patients with facial pain exhibit a pattern of physiological and behavioral reactivity to scheduled-waiting tasks that may help account for the development of facial pain. The present study extended this line of research by examining the psychophysiological reactivity of headache sufferers in a similar task. A total of 34 frequent headache sufferers screened by International Headache Society (IHS) criteria and 13 painfree controls completed a psychophysiological assessment consisting of 4 phases (adaptation, free-play, scheduled-play, and recovery) that included a scheduled-waiting condition (scheduled-play) designed to produce adjunctive behavior. Masseter and frontalis EMG were measured continuously during each phase and self-reported oral habits and pain ratings were collected following each phase. A significant interaction and group effect was found on frontalis EMG, with the headache group exhibiting elevated EMG levels across the phases, whereas the control group exhibited increasing EMG levels that peaked during the scheduled-play phase. Only a significant phase effect was found on masseter EMG, with the highest EMG levels recorded during the scheduled-play phase for both groups. In addition, a significant phase effect was found on self-reported oral habits data. Overall, these results provide general support for the adjunctive behavior effect, but the predicted difference in magnitude between the groups was not found.     

Spatial movements of grey partridge Perdix perdix : male-biased spring dispersal and effect of habitat quality

The Grey Partridge Perdix perdix is a sedentary species with a surplus of males in spring populations. It experienced a dramatic decline in Europe primarily due to habitat loss that may have forced the species to modify its dispersal behaviour, a less transparent source of populations threats. We analysed the dispersal patterns of Grey Partridges during pre- and post-breeding periods in two landscapes with different habitat quality in the Czech Republic. Grey Partridges tended to pair off quickly, with most pre-breeding movements executed in pairs. The birds usually dispersed over a few hundred metres indicating that the habitat conditions in a landscape with a carrying capacity of 2–5 pairs/1 km² was not below the threshold initiating strong dispersal, as observed in extreme habitats and at the northern limits of the species′ distribution range. A few single males that had remained unpaired until April also finally bred. However, the high level of sedentariness of males in a good landscape suggested that males prefer to stay near wintering sites unless habitat sources become limited. Unlike the males, the females dispersed in a wide range of distances with an extensive overlap in both landscapes. Autumn movements did not differ between the sexes, but were longer than the pre-breeding movements and increased in a poor landscape. We conclude that both reduced habitat availability and reduced mating opportunities initialise primarily male-biased breeding dispersal in Grey Partridge populations.     

社区脑卒中高危人群检出率及与饮食习惯、生活方式的关系分析

目的:了解社区脑卒中高危人群患病情况并分析脑卒中高危与饮食习惯、生活方式的关系。方法:于2018年1月～2019年6月采取随机整群抽样的方法抽取桂林地区象山社区户籍居民796例,采用我院自制的调查问卷调查其基本资料、生活方式以及饮食习惯等信息,统计脑卒中高危人群检出率,根据高危人群检出结果将调查对象分为高危组(n=236)和非高危组(n=555),采用多因素logistic回归分析脑卒中高危的影响因素。结果:本研究共发放调查问卷796份,回收有效问卷791份,经脑卒中风险评估为脑卒中高危的人数为236例,检出率为29.84%。高危组中性别为男性、无职业、年龄≥60岁、蔬菜摄入不足、吸烟、口味偏甜、缺乏体育锻炼、饮酒、口味偏油腻、肉类摄入不足的比例明显高于非高危组(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁、缺乏体育锻炼、性别为男性、肉类摄入不足、口味偏油腻、饮酒、蔬菜摄入不足均是脑卒中高危的影响因素(P0.05)。结论:桂林地区象山社区脑卒中高危人群检出率较高,且与性别、年龄、生活方式以及饮食习惯有关,临床可通过结合上述影响因素,开展针对性活动,以减少脑卒中的发生风险。     

四川南充地区棕背伯劳的繁殖习性

2005年3~6月在四川省南充市区及近郊对棕背伯劳(Lanius schach)的繁殖习性进行了研究。结果表明,棕背伯劳2月中下旬开始繁殖,雌雄参与筑巢,多筑巢于庄稼地或菜地边缘区域的高大乔木上。对20巢共13个巢址因子主成分分析表明,影响巢址选择的主要因素有4个,累积贡献率达82.38%,其中巢位与光照因子贡献率最高,达33.47%。棕背伯劳的产卵期、孵化期及育雏期分别为5~7 d、12~14d1、4~16 d,育雏期亲鸟的喂食模式有3种。雌鸟在育雏期的暖雏高峰主要出现在8:00~9:00和16:00~17:00时。     

Quantitative and qualitative trait loci affecting host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in maize (Zea mays L.)

Molecular markers at 103 loci were used to identify the location of quantitative sources of resistance to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 F₂₃ lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Host-plant response was measured in terms of the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity), and the average size of lesions. The location of quantitative trait loci were compared with three loci having known qualitative effects, namely Ht1, Ht2 and bx1. Chromosomal regions containing the Ht1 and Ht2 loci showed a small contribution in determining lesion size, even though alleles with dominant, qualitative effects at these loci have never been reported in either inbred parent. Similar effects were not observed for the number of lesions or for disease severity. Likewise, some contribution was observed for chromosomal regions encompassing the bx1 locus in determining lesion size but not the number of lesions or disease severity. Overall the contribution of loci in the vicinity of Ht1, Ht2 and bx1 was small relative to variation attributable to loci with quantitative effects identified in this study. Molecular-marker-facilitated mapping concurred with previous reciprocal translocation mapping studies on the importance of chromosomes 3, 5 and 7, despite the fact that these studies utilized diverse sources of resistant germplasm.Journal Paper No. J-15177 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 3134     

Do melanin-based tail patterns predict individual quality and sex in Lesser Grey Shrikes Lanius minor ?

In many bird species, males display colourful, usually carotenoid or structurally based plumage ornaments. On the other hand, there are many bird species and entire avian genera that are achromatic, i.e. with predominantly white, grey and black plumage colours. Achromatic plumage is a typical feature in many shrikes for example. In this study, we examine the importance of an achromatic plumage pattern, namely, the black tail spots on the two outermost tail feathers (T6 and T5) of Lesser Grey Shrikes (LGS) for sex discrimination and as an indicator of individual quality. Our results suggest that the black tail patterns, especially spots on T5, are important for sex discrimination, but only in combination with other melanin-based or morphological features. The presence of black tail spots on T5 is also an indicator of male age. However, there is no indication that presence, size and asymmetry of these black spots are indicators of individual quality of both sexes in the terms of breeding performances.     

Levels of allozyme diversity in closely related toadflaxes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Linaria</Emphasis>, Plantaginaceae) and their correspondence with the breeding systems of the species

Toadflaxes (Linaria Miller) represent the largest genus of the tribe Antirrhineae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae) of the Plantaginaceae family. These taxa vary according to their ranges (narrow-regional–widespread), biological traits (duration, flower morphology, breeding system) and ecological preferences. No comparative genetic studies have been performed up to the moment and the levels and distribution of genetic diversity within this genus remain undocumented. We have conducted an allozyme study in 8 taxa of Section Supinae. Five of them are narrow endemic, self-incompatible, insect-pollinated outcrossers that inhabit relatively unaltered habitats. The other three taxa are widespread, small-flowered selfers that inhabit crops subjected to high levels of recurrent disturbance. Linaria taxa showed moderate to high levels of genetic diversity. Parameters of genetic diversity were directly addressed to differences in breeding systems. Mean number of alleles per locus, total genetic diversity and genetic diversity within populations were higher among the outcrossers than among the selfers, (A _e = 2.28 vs. 1.23; H _T = 0.24 vs. 0.13; H _S = 93.99% vs. 54.2%) while genetic diversity among populations and population differentiation were lower for the outcrossers than for the selfers (D _ST = 0.02% vs. 45.98%; G _ST = 0.03 vs. 0.52). Gene flow within and among populations produced a higher number of different genotypes (mean N _G = 16 for outcrossers vs. 5.4 for selfers) and migrants (mean N _m = 4.58 for outcrossers vs. 0.84 for selfers) that were attributed to an effective pollinator service in outcrossing populations. Differences in the levels and distribution of the genetic diversity are discussed in relation to biological and autoecological constraints of each group of taxa.     

Spatiotemporal variation in reproductive parameters of yellow-bellied marmots

Spatiotemporal variation in reproductive rates is a common phenomenon in many wildlife populations, but the population dynamic consequences of spatial and temporal variability in different components of reproduction remain poorly understood. We used 43 years (1962–2004) of data from 17 locations and a capture–mark–recapture (CMR) modeling framework to investigate the spatiotemporal variation in reproductive parameters of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), and its influence on the realized population growth rate. Specifically, we estimated and modeled breeding probabilities of two-year-old females (earliest age of first reproduction), >2-year-old females that have not reproduced before (subadults), and >2-year-old females that have reproduced before (adults), as well as the litter sizes of two-year old and >2-year-old females. Most reproductive parameters exhibited spatial and/or temporal variation. However, reproductive parameters differed with respect to their relative influence on the realized population growth rate (λ). Litter size had a stronger influence than did breeding probabilities on both spatial and temporal variations in λ. Our analysis indicated that λ was proportionately more sensitive to survival than recruitment. However, the annual fluctuation in litter size, abetted by the breeding probabilities, accounted for most of the temporal variation in λ. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

L-乳酸发酵的代谢调控育种及发酵影响因素的研究

以嗜热乳杆菌(Lactobacillus Thermophilus ATCC8317)为出发菌,采用乙酸-乙酸钠平板为初筛方法,通过复合诱变乳酸产量提高到原来的3.1倍。培养基碳源为玉米粉糖化液,混合氮源为麦芽粉30g/L、蛋白胨5g/L。根据不同温度下细胞比生长速率及产物比生成速率的变化,确定了分阶段控制温度的策略:即在发酵前16h控制温度48℃、后44h控制温度54℃。L-乳酸产量达到135g/L,乳酸的对糖转化率为95%,平均产酸速率为2.25g/(L.h)。