两种给药途径对联合抗生素建立伪无菌大鼠模型比较

利用联合抗生素通过饮水和灌胃2种给药途径干预大鼠,评估是否可建立伪无菌大鼠模型。

将15只SD大鼠随机分为正常组（Nor组）,饮水组（Dri组）和灌胃组（Ig组）,每组5只。饮水组：用超纯水配制成浓度为0.5 g/L万古霉素、1.0 g/L氨苄西林、1.0 g/L新霉素和1.0 g/L甲硝唑的混悬液,自由饮水。灌胃组：用生理盐水配制成浓度为200 mg/mL万古霉素,400 mg/mL氨苄西林,400 mg/mL新霉素和400 mg/mL甲硝唑的混悬液,0.5 mL/kg体积灌胃。建模14 d。收集空肠、盲肠和结肠的肠道内容物分别进行菌群培养,并对混合的肠道内容物样本进行测序。

与正常组相比,在有氧和厌氧培养条件下,饮水组和灌胃组肠道内容物在培养基上的菌落数量显著减少。饮水组和灌胃组肠道菌群丰富度和多样性均明显降低,肠道菌群的物种数量显著减少。饮水组大鼠肠道菌群主要以埃希-志贺菌属为主,灌胃组以克雷伯菌属为主。

通过饮水和灌胃给予大鼠联合抗生素,均清除了其大部分的肠道菌群,可以达到建立伪无菌大鼠模型的要求。

     

大型综合医院科研绩效评价指标体系的构建研究

目的 为大型综合医院构建较为科学合理的科研绩效评价指标体系。方法 采用德尔菲法获得大型综合医院科研绩效评价的指标体系,运用层次分析法对各级指标进行权重的确定。结果 建立了大型综合医院科研绩效评价指标体系,其中一级指标2个,二级指标12个,三级指标40个。结论 构建的医院科研评价指标体系具有科学性、可操作性,可以作为评估医院科研绩效的工具。     

Analysis of the genetic diversity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) by simple sequence repeat and inter simple sequence repeat analysis and agro-morphological traits

The genetic diversity of 39 garlic accessions was investigated using eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer combinations and 17 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primer combinations. A total of 109 polymorphic loci were detected among these accessions, with an average of 4.63 polymorphic loci per SSR primer combination and 4.29 polymorphic loci per ISSR primer combination. The mean effective number of alleles, the mean Nei's genetic diversity, and the mean Shannon's information index for SSR were 1.4799, 0.2870, and 0.4378, respectively; and those for ISSR were 1.4847, 0.2898 and 0.4415, respectively. Cluster analysis, using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) based on the allele frequency data, classified the accessions into three groups. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) were consistent with those of the cluster analysis. PCA showed that each of these three groups exhibited significant variation in agro-morphological traits. These findings suggest that the eight SSR and 17 ISSR primers identified could define valuable markers for genetic diversity for use by plant breeders.     

A comparison of cover calculation techniques for relating point-intercept vegetation sampling to remote sensing imagery

Accurate and timely spatial predictions of vegetation cover from remote imagery are an important data source for natural resource management. High-quality in situ data are needed to develop and validate these products. Point-intercept sampling techniques are a common method for obtaining quantitative information on vegetation cover that have been widely implemented in a number of local and national monitoring programs. The use of point-intercept data in remote sensing projects, however, is complicated due to differences in how vegetation cover indicators can be calculated. Decisions on whether to use plant intercepts from any canopy layer (i.e., any-hit cover) or only the first plant intercept at each point (i.e., top-hit cover) can result in discrepancies in cover estimates which are used to train remotely-sensed imagery. Our objective in this paper was to explore the theory of point-intercept sampling relative to training and testing remotely-sensed imagery, and to test the strength of relationships between top-hit and any-hit methods of calculating vegetation cover and high-resolution satellite imagery in two study areas managed by the Bureau of Land Management in northwestern Colorado and northeastern California. We modeled top-hit and any-hit percent cover for six vegetation indicators from 5m-resolution RapidEye imagery using beta regression. Model performance was judged using normalized root mean-squared error (RMSE) from a 5-fold cross validation. Any-hit cover estimates were significantly higher (α < 0.05) than top-hit cover estimates for forbs and grasses in the White River study area, but only marginally higher in Northern California. Pseudo-R² values for beta regression models of vegetation cover from RapidEye image information varied from 0.1525 to 0.7732 in White River and 0.2455 to 0.6085 in Northern California, with little pattern to whether any-hit or top-hit indicators produced better model fit. However, normalized RMSE was lower for any-hit cover (indicating better model performance) or minimally higher than top-hit cover for all indicators in each study area. Our results do not support the idea that top-hit cover estimates from point-intercept sampling are the most appropriate for remote sensing applications in arid and semi-arid shrub-steppe environments. In fact, having two sets of different indicators calculated from the same data may cause additional confusion in a situation where there is already considerable debate on how vegetation cover should be measured and used. Ultimately, selection of indicators to use for developing remote sensing classification or predictive models should be based first on the meaning or interpretation of the indicator in the ecosystem of interest, and second on how well the indicator performs in modeling applications.     

Constitutive Laws and Failure Models for Compact Bones Subjected to Dynamic Loading

Many biological tissues, such as bones and ligaments, are fibrous. The geometrical structure of these tissues shows that they exhibit a similar hierarchy in their ultra- and macro-structures. The aim of this work is to develop a model to study the failure of fibrous structures subjected to dynamic loading. The important feature of this model is that it describes failure in terms of the loss of cohesion between fibres. We have developed a model based on the lamellar structure of compact bone with fibres oriented at 0, 45 and 90° to the longitudinal axis of the bone and have studied the influence of the model parameters on the failure process. Bone porosity and joint stress force at failure were found to be the most significant parameters. Using least square resolution, we deduced a phenomenological model of the lamellar structure. Finally, experimental results were found to be comparable with our numerical model.     

Simultaneous determination of clopidogrel and its carboxylic acid metabolite by capillary electrophoresis

A capillary electrophoresis method was developed and validated for the first time for the analysis of clopidogrel and its carboxylic acid metabolite. Prior to method optimization, the pH dependence of effective mobility of both compounds was determined in order to define the initial pH of the running buffer. The optimized method demonstrated to be selective, and linear in the concentration range of 2–100 μM for both compounds. The method limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 1.2 and 3.7 μM for clopidogrel and 1.1 and 3.2 μM for the carboxylic acid metabolite. Moreover, method validation demonstrated acceptable results for method repeatability (RSD < 7%), intermediate precision (RSD < 7%) and accuracy (85–96%) and is suitable for the quantitative analysis of clopidogrel and its metabolite in serum samples. The validated method was also applied to the determination of the kinetic parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis of clopidogrel. An apparent K_m of 145 ± 30 μM and V_max of 0.4, 1.5 and 3.4 μM/min, respectively for the enzyme concentrations 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 U/ml, were obtained.     

幽门螺杆菌分离培养的研究

采用细菌培养法及快速尿素酶法分别检测了１６９例消化道疾病患者幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｅｌｉ－ｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｐｙｌｏｒｉ,ＨＰ）感染情况。标本经２０％葡萄糖运送培养基运送后,分别涂布于选择性培养基和本室改良的选择性培养基,３７℃微氧环境（５％Ｏ２,１０％ＣＯ２,８５％Ｎ２）培养８天。标本同时采用快速尿毒酶法进行检测。结果表明,细菌培养法与尿素酶法检测阳性率接近,分别为４６％和５５％;细菌培养第６天与第８天其阳性检出率相同;选择性培养基与本室改良选择性培养基对幽门螺杆菌的检出率差别明显,分别为３４％（１７／４９）和５１％（６１／１２０）,同时其杂菌生长率分别为５４％（２９／４９）和２５％（３０／１２０）。     

Improved method to evaluate the ability of compounds to destabilize the cellular plasma membrane

In the paper, we present an improved method for evaluation of a compound ability to destabilize erythrocyte plasma membrane. The proposed method is based on the continuous monitoring of the light scattered by erythrocytes exposed to osmotic pressure differences. The kinetics of hemolysis depends on the plasma membrane mechanics and the extent of the osmotic stress. Generally, the osmotic pressure difference of approximately 150 mOsm is taken for measurements, as a result of the equal volume mixing with the physiological salt solutions. In this approach the hemolytic process completion is not established which may result in poor quality and reproducibility of the experimental data. In consequence, inaccurate parameters of the kinetic are determined due to the low quality fitting to the, widely used, single exponential model. In the paper we propose a new experimental protocol allowing to determine the extended set of parameters for kinetics of hemolysis. Namely, the method of the minimal osmotic pressure difference determination is proposed which ensures the completeness of the hemolytic process. This step allows improving the quality and exactness of the calculated parameters. The developed methodology was tested on two qualitatively different, biologically relevant, experiments; evaluation of the peptide effect on the plasma membrane properties and differentiating between human and rabbit erythrocytes.     

Hypersensitivity of trunk biomechanical model predictions to errors in image-based kinematics when using fully displacement-control techniques

Recent advances in medical imaging techniques have allowed pure displacement-control trunk models to estimate spinal loads with no need to calculate muscle forces. Sensitivity of these models to the errors in post-imaging evaluation of displacements (reported to be ∼0.4–0.9° and 0.2–0.3 mm in vertebral displacements) has not yet been investigated. A Monte Carlo analysis was therefore used to assess the sensitivity of results in both musculoskeletal (MS) and passive finite element (FE) spine models to errors in measured displacements. Six static activities in upright standing, flexed, and extended postures were initially simulated using a force-control hybrid MS-FE model. Computed vertebral displacements were subsequently used to drive two distinct fully displacement-control MS and FE models. Effects of alterations in the reference vertebral displacements (at 3 error levels with SD (standard deviation) = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm in input translations together with, respectively, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6° in input rotations) were investigated on the model predictions. Results indicated that outputs of both models had substantial task-dependent sensitivities to errors in the measured vertebral translations. For instance, L5-S1 intradiscal pressures (IDPs) were considerably affected (SD values reaching 1.05 MPa) and axial compression and shear forces even reversed directions as translation errors increased to 0.3 mm. Outputs were however generally much less sensitive to errors in measured vertebral rotations. Accounting for the accuracies in image-based kinematics measurements, therefore, it is concluded that the current measured vertebral translation errors at and beyond 0.1 mm are too large to drive biomechanical models of the spine.     

Effect of streaked shearwaterCalonectris leucomelas on species composition ofPersea thunbergii forest on Kanmurijima Island,Kyoto Prefecture,Japan

The effects of trampling and burrowing by streaked shearwaters were studied on thePersea thunbergii forest in Kanmurijima Is. The vegetation data were analysed using both the phytosociological tabulation method and principal component analysis (PCA). The vegetation ordination on the first axis reflected the environmental gradient from light to heavy disturbance by the streaked shearwater, and the vegetation ordination on the second axis represented the gradient from the latter phase of forest succession to retrogressive succession. The position of the three vegetation groups in the ordination diagram successfully explained the relation between the habitat and the species composition. The disturbance caused by activities of the streaked shearwater such as burrowing and trampling causes a decrease of species, especially character species of Camellietea japonicae, and also causes retrogressive succession: patches ofMallotus japonicus develop and many heliophytes occur.