秦岭北坡不同生境栓皮栎实生苗生长及其影响因素

栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)是中国暖温带和亚热带林区的主要建群种,也是重要的栲胶、软木资源树种。为了阐明栓皮栎在不同生境条件下的种子成苗、实生苗生长及其与环境因素的关系,采用典型样地调查的方法,对秦岭北坡栓皮栎林3种生境中(林窗、林缘、林下)的栓皮栎种子库中种子数量、实生苗的存活数量、生长情况及生物量分配进行了研究,对影响实生苗生长发育的环境因素进行了相关分析。结果表明:林下、林窗和林缘的种子库中种子数量差异显著(P0.05),3种生境中能够萌发形成1a苗的种子数量少,种子能否萌发明显受枯枝落叶层厚度、光照强度和空气湿度的影响;栓皮栎种群有充足的苗库,其中较大年龄实生苗数量是种群能否持续更新的关键,林下、林窗和林缘中8a苗分别占该年龄实生苗总量的22.53%、45.60%和31.87%,林窗中较大年龄实生苗的数量比林下和林缘多,林窗为栓皮栎实生苗的定居提供了有利条件;栓皮栎实生苗的生长与光照强度和空气温度显著正相关,与土壤含水量显著负相关,林窗中实生苗的生长状况和生物量积累均优于林缘、林下。林窗对栓皮栎种群更新有利。在今后的栓皮栎林的经营过程中,可以适当间伐,增加林窗数量,为种群可持续发育提供有利条件。     

不同地区不同尺度下栓皮栎种群的空间分布格局

种群的分布格局与空间尺度有密切的关系.本研究将传统方法与点格局分析法结合起来,探讨了不同地区不同尺度下栓皮栎种群的空间分布.结果显示:随着样方面积的增大,种群的聚集度都有逐渐增大的趋势,当样方面积为10 0、2 0 0 m2 时,部分地区的丛生指标It、Cassie指数CA 小于零,当样方面积大于或等于4 0 0 m2 时,丛生指标It>0、Cassie指数CA>0、平均拥挤度m* >>1、L loyd聚块性指标和Morisita指数Iδ>1.用Morisita指数的随机分布偏离度的显著性F分布检验,当样方面积达到4 0 0 m2时,栓皮栎种群表现为聚集分布.同时,对不同地区不同样方面积上的栓皮栎种群进行Taylor和Iwao模型回归,Taylor回归系数b的变化从样方10 0、2 0 0 m2的b<1到4 0 0 m2的b>1,Iwao模型参数α、β值都表现为α>0 ,β>1,说明其分布格局主要表现为聚集分布.当样方面积为6 0 0、80 0 m2时,栓皮栎种群的空间格局呈现出随机分布.     

CO2浓度增加和施氮对栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的影响

通过人为控制CO₂浓度(700、400 μmol·mol^-1)和氮素水平(120 kg N·hm^-2),研究了CO₂浓度增加和氮沉降及其交互作用对北界(辽宁庄河)栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的影响.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使栓皮栎幼苗叶片的形态、光合色素含量和氮含量有减小的趋势,暗呼吸速率较对照降低63.3%,可溶性糖增加2.6%.氮沉降对栓皮栎叶片的形态和光合色素含量有明显的促进作用,叶N含量增加而K含量降低,N/K值增加26.7%.CO₂和N交互作用对幼苗叶形态和光合作用有明显的促进作用,叶片最大净光合速率和光饱和点分别是对照的1.4倍和2.6倍,暗呼吸速率和光补偿点分别降低65.9%和50.0%.CO₂浓度升高和N沉降均对栓皮栎幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,可能导致栓皮栎分布界线北移.     

间伐强度对秦岭南坡栓皮栎种子库及实生苗生长的影响

2010年8-11月和2011年8月,以秦岭南坡商洛地区近自然经营的不同间伐强度(30％、20％和10％)下的栓皮栎纯林为对象,分析了间伐4～5年后栓皮栎种子库的种子数量,实生苗的存活率和生长状况,及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明:与对照相比,间伐后第4年,间伐10％、20％和30％强度下种子库中的种子总数分别增加了2.0％、21.1％和34.8％,翌年1年生实生苗数量分别增加了28.5％、99.7％和122.2％;间伐5年后,间伐10％、20％和30％样地内实生苗的存活率分别提高了25.5％、235.7％和480.0％.间伐使林地的光照、温度、土壤水分和养分等环境因子发生变化,促进了各年龄段实生苗的高度、新梢生长量及叶面积指数的增长,且随间伐强度的增加,3项生长指标均增加.在郁闭度≥0.85的栓皮栎林,间伐强度30％(郁闭度保留0.6)最有利于栓皮栎种子萌芽和实生苗生长.     

The effect of female body size on male mounting behaviour in Dermacentor variabilis and D. andersoni

Abstract. This study was undertaken to determine if body size of female ticks was an important factor in eliciting the mating behaviour of Dermacentor variabilis and D. andersoni males. Dummy female ticks (DFTs) representing varying sizes of feeding females were prepared from plastic beads. Size of DFT was shown to be important in determining both the time spent by males in contact with DFTs and the extent of male mating response released. Dermacentor varlabilis males preferred the smaller-sized DFT, whereas D. andersoni males preferred the larger sizes. Males of both species were able to discriminate between size of DFT only when mounting sex pheromone (MSP) was present.
Size of the DFT was more important than the composition of the MSP extract in determining the time males spent in contact with DFTs.
Males of both species were sensitive to variations in concentration of extract, and spent 2–6 times longer in contact with DFTs when the concentration was optimal than when it was not. No significant difference in the male's mating response was seen in response to variation in concentration of heterospecific extract.
Male mating response, i.e. the behaviour of the male as it progresses through the initial contact, climbing onto the dorsal surface and turning onto the venter, was shown not to be dependent upon how long the male spent in contact with the DFT. Male D. andersoni had a much lower mating response to DFTs than D. variabilis males, suggesting that some further stimulus may be required.     

不同分布区栓皮栎实生苗更新及其影响因子

分别在栓皮栎分布的边缘区黄土高原、半干旱核心区秦岭北坡以及湿润核心区秦岭南坡设置8块固定样地,调查了栓皮栎实生苗的年龄结构、生长状况、干质量累积与分配,并采用通径分析对影响实生苗更新的因子进行分析.结果表明:各分布区栓皮栎实生苗密度均随苗龄的增长而减小,且1～8年生实生苗密度均为秦岭南坡＞秦岭北坡＞黄土高原;各分布区相邻苗龄间的转化率差异显著,在黄土高原,7年生向8年生的转化率最低,为(30.2±2.9)％,在秦岭北坡和南坡,4年生向5年生的转化率最低,分别为(53.9±3.7)％和(50.0±2.1)％.随苗龄增长,各分布区实生苗的高度和干质量积累呈增加趋势,且秦岭南坡＞秦岭北坡＞黄土高原;主根长/株高逐渐下降,根幅/冠幅、根茎比则先升高后降低,三者均是黄土高原最高,秦岭南坡最低.温度、光照、林分郁闭度和灌层盖度是影响栓皮栎实生苗更新的直接因子,其中温度和光照起促进作用,郁闭度和灌层盖度起阻碍作用;而土壤速效氮含量和草本层盖度是重要的间接因子,分别起正向和负向作用.     

New Karyological and Morphometric Data on Poorly Known Bufo surdus and Bufo luristanicus in Comparison with Data of Diploid Green Toads of the Bufo viridis Complex from South of Iran

Previous studies on the Bufo viridis complex, which is distributed broadly across Iran, are incomplete and restricted to a few regions or a few samples. In this paper a new detailed study on the B. viridis complex in southern of Iran （from West to East） is presented. The analysis of 18 morphometric characters with univariate and multivariate methods reveals significant differences between three members of the B. viridis complex namely B. variabilis, B. luristanicus, and B. surdus distributed in southern part of Iran. Our result help to resolve an old taxonomic problem about B. surdus subgroup （taxa closely related to B. surdus） confirming that B. luristanicus and B. surdus are distinct species. Moreover, for the first time we report and describe karyotype details of B. luristanicus and B. surdus which confirmed that they are diploid. Karyological studies demonstrate that all toads from three mentioned species have 2n = 22 chromosomes. These chromosomes are arranged into two groups. First group has six large chromosomes and the second group is composed of five small chromosomes. These chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric. The number of submetacentric chromosomes is different in three mentioned species of B. viridis complex. Neither sexual heteromorphism, nor secondary constriction was observed in any pairs of chromosomes.     

栓皮栎天然群体SSR遗传多样性研究

利用微卫星(SSR)标记对我国4个省内的5个栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis Bl.）天然群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。16对SSR标记揭示了栓皮栎丰富的遗传多样性：等位基因数（A）平均8.4375个,有效等位基因数(Ne)平均为5.9512个,平均期望杂合度(He)0.8059,Nei多样性指数(h)为0.8041。栓皮栎自然分布区中心地带的群体具有较高的遗传多样性,而人为对森林的破坏将降低林木群体的遗传多样性。栓皮栎群体的变异主要来源于群体内,群体间分化较小,遗传分化系数仅为0.0455。此外,栓皮栎群体间的遗传距离与地理距离之间存在显著的正相关。这些遗传信息为栓皮栎遗传多样性的保护和利用提供了一定依据。Abstract: Genetic diversity of five Quercus variabilis natural populations in four provinces of China was studied with microsatellite (SSR) markers. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was detected in Q. variabilis species with 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Average number of alleles (A) and effective number of alleles (Ne) were 8.4375 and 5.9512 respectively. The mean expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.8059 and Nei diversity index (h) was 0.8041. Higher diversity was found with the populations from the central range of the species in contrast to those from peripheral areas and human activities might decrease the genetic diversity of populations. The majority of genetic variation occurred within populations, which could be concluded from the low coefficient of genetic differentiation (Fst=0.0455). In addition, significant correlation was found between geographical distance and genetic distance. All these results present a basis to the conservation and utilization of genetic diversity of Quercus variabilis.     

Intracellular distribution, assembly and effect of disease-associated connexin 31 mutants in HeLa cells

Mutations in connexin 31 （Cx31） are associated with erythrokeratodermia variabilis （EKV）,hearing impairment and peripheral neuropathy; however, the pathological mechanism of Cx31 mutants remains unknown. This study analyzed 11 disease-associated Cx31 variants and one non-disease-associated Cx31 variant and compared their intracellular distribution and assembly in HeLa cells and their effect on these cells. The fluorescent localization assay showed no gap junction plaque formation in the cells expressing the recessive EKV-associated mutant （L34P） and four hearing impairment-associated mutants （66delD,141delI, R180X and E183K）, significantly reduced plaque formation in the cells with five EKV-associated dominant mutants （G12R, G12D, R42P, C86S and F137L） and no obvious change in the cells with two other mutants （I 141V and 652del 12）. Immunoblotting analysis showed that 12 mutated Cx31 s, like WTCx31, are able to form the Triton X-100 insoluble complex; however, the quantity of Triton X-100 insoluble complex in the transfected HeLa cells varied among different Cx31 mutants. Additionally, the expression of five EKV-associated dominant mutants （G12R, G12D, R42P, C86S and F137L） caused cell death in HeLa cells. However, the five heating impairment-associated mutants did not induce cell death. The above results suggest that disease-associated mutants gain deleterious functions differentially. In summary, diseaseassociated Cx31 mutants impair the formation of normal gap junctions at different levels, and the diseases associated with Cx31 mutations may result from the abnormal assembly, trafficking and metabolism of the Cx31 mutants.