栓皮栎人工林树干液流对不同时间尺度气象因子及水面蒸发的响应

于2006-2008年主要生长季节,利用热扩散技术连续测算得到了华北土石山区30年生栓皮栎人工林液流量(SF),并结合同步测定的太阳辐射(Ra)、空气温度(Ta)、饱和水汽压亏缺(VPD)、风速(V)和降雨量(P)等气象因子、水面蒸发(EV0)及叶面积指数(LAI)等因子,分析了栓皮栎液流对不同时间尺度气象因子及水面蒸发的响应规律,探索建立长时间尺度水面蒸发与树干液流之间的关系模型。试验结果表明:(1)在主要生长季(4—9月份)期间,栓皮栎单株液流与同期测定的Ra、Ta、VPD和V等气象因子间均存在着较强的相关性。时间尺度为10min、1h、d、旬、月时,决定系数分别为0.388、0.482、0.539、0.654和0.812。说明随着时间尺度的增加,相关性越强;在不同时间尺度下,影响SF的最主要气象因子均为Ra。月SF与月Ra变化趋势的同步性尤为明显。(2)日尺度和月尺度上EV0与SF之间具有很好的线性关系,决定系数分别为0.578和0.876,比同时期、相等样本数条件下SF与Ra、Ta、VPD、V多元线性拟合的决定系数分别高3.6%和3.9%。(3)2006、2007、2008年生长季节降雨量分别为464.8、393.3mm和315.0mm,栓皮栎单株液流分别为2024.1L、1739.2L和1688.7L,年际间SF变化趋势与降雨量存在一定的一致性。     

华北低丘山区栓皮栎生态系统氧同位素日变化及蒸散定量区分

利用稳定同位素技术对华北低丘山区栓皮栎生态系统氧同位素日变化及蒸散定量区分进行研究,为华北低丘山区森林生态系统水汽交换研究提供基础。试验采用离轴积分腔输出光谱技术(OA-ICOS)连续测定生态系统不同高度水汽浓度和δ18O值,同时采用真空提取和液态水同位素分析仪测定枝条和土壤的δ18O值。结果显示,4个晴天中大气水汽浓度日变化复杂,变化趋势差异大,而δ18O日变化均成高-低-高的"V"型变化,最小值出现在12:00—18:00。Keeling方程在10:00—12:00的相关系数R2均大于0.71,方程达到极显著水平,表明此时段蒸腾速率较高,满足植物蒸腾的同位素稳定态假设。利用Keeling方程估算的栓皮栎生态系统δET值有相似的低-高-低日变化,与大气的δv值变化趋势相反。同位素分割结果显示栓皮栎生态系统中蒸腾占蒸散比例日变化呈现低-高-低的趋势,10:00—14:00蒸腾占蒸散比例达到90%以上,尽管6:00—10:00和14:00—18:00的蒸腾占蒸散比例下降,但平均值仍高达69.38%,表明华北低丘山区栓皮栎生态系统的蒸散主要来源于植物蒸腾。     

Multiple stressors facilitate the spread of a non‐indigenous bivalve in the Mediterranean Sea

Aim

The introduction of non‐indigenous species (NIS) via man‐made corridors connecting previously disparate oceanic regions is increasing globally. However, the environmental and anthropogenic factors facilitating invasion dynamics and their interactions are still largely unknown. This study compiles and inputs available data for the NIS bivalve Brachidontes pharaonis across the invaded biogeographic range in the Mediterranean basin into a species distribution model to predict future spread under a range of marine scenarios.

Location

Mediterranean Sea.

Methods

A systematic review produced the largest presence database ever assembled to inform the selection of biological, chemical and physical factors linked to the spread of B. pharaonis through the Suez Canal. We carried out a sensitivity analysis to simulate current and future trophic and salinity scenarios. A species distribution model was run to determine key drivers of invasion, quantify interactive impacts arising from a range of trophic states, salinity conditions and climatic scenarios and forecast future trajectories for the spread of NIS into new regions under multiple‐parameter scenarios (based on the main factors identified from the systematic review).

Results

Impacts on invasion trajectory arising from climate change and interactions with increasing salinity from the new opening of the canal were the primary drivers of expansion across the basin, the effects of which were further enhanced by eutrophication. Predictions of the current distribution were most accurate when multiple stressors were used to drive the model. A habitat suitability index developed at a subcontinental scale from model outputs identified novel favourable conditions for future colonization at specific locations under 2030 and 2050 climatic scenarios.

Main conclusions

Future expansion of B. pharaonis will be enhanced by climate‐facilitated increased sea temperature, interacting with increasing pressures from salinity and eutrophication. The spatially explicit risk output maps of invasions represent a powerful visual product for use in communication of the spread of NIS and decision‐support tools for scientists and policymakers. The suggested approach, the observed distribution pattern and driving processes can be applied to other NIS species and regions by providing novel forecasts of species occurrences under future multiple stressor scenarios and the location of suitable recipient habitats with respect to anthropogenic and environmental parameters.     

鱼腥藻苯丙氨酸脱氨酶的基因克隆、表达及最适反应pH改造

【目的】表达鱼腥藻苯丙氨酸脱氨酶(AvPAL),并经分子改造降低其最适反应pH。【方法】PCR克隆AvPAL编码基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达,用Ni2+亲和层析柱和凝胶柱纯化重组蛋白。利用GETAREA软件筛选与催化残基距离较近的暴露于酶分子表面的氨基酸位点,将其突变为带电性质不同的氨基酸,并对突变体进行酶学性质研究。【结果】在大肠杆菌中成功表达了AvPAL,纯化后得到电泳纯的重组酶。突变体E75Q和E75R的最适反应pH从8.5分别偏移到7.5和7.0。E75Q在pH 7.5时的比酶活较原酶提高了25%,在pH 6.5–9.5之间酶的稳定性良好,其最适反应温度为50 °C,在此温度下保温1 h酶活无显著变化。在最适反应条件下,E75Q的kcat/Km值较原酶提高了26.6%。【结论】改变AvPAL酶分子中起路易斯碱作用的关键氨基酸残基(质子受体)附近与之有相互作用的氨基酸的带电性质,降低了AvPAL的最适反应pH,提升了其在医疗领域的应用前景。     

李肖叶甲成虫数量及三维空间格局动态

对合肥地区李肖叶甲成虫数量动态及三维空间格局进行研究,结果表明该成虫5月下旬初见,6月4日至7月16日为发生高峰期,9月上旬仍有零星虫口。6月4日至9月10日种群增长模型为y=1692.2258e-0.0545t,6月4日至8月27日树冠上部部位增长模型为y=205.60e-0.0523t,树冠西部部位的增长模型为y=257.13e-0.0505t。样地中的李肖叶甲5月21日至8月13日半变异函数方程是y=0.0709x3-10.479x2+391.67x-300.71、y=-0.0122x3+1.1201x2-19.781x+317.84、y=-0.0013x3+0.1613x2-4.4862x+67.363、y=-0.0016x3+0.9177x2-11.495x+551.94、y=-0.0029x3+0.3034x2-7.5906x+103.37和y=-0.0002x3+0.0172x2-0.4975x+13.691,变程在20.3938—65.0289之间,均为聚集格局,聚集强度指标表明也均为聚集格局;树冠东、西、南、北方位的水平分布5月21日至8月13日的C值均大于1,I值均大于0,CA值均大于0,Iw值均大于1,为聚集格局;树冠上、中、下方位的垂直分布6月4日至8月13日的C值均大于1,I值均大于0,CA值均大于0,Iw值均大于1,为聚集格局;5月21日至8月13日的树冠东、南、西、北、上、中、下部位的C值均大于1,I值均大于0,CA值均大于0,Iw值均大于1,三维分布均为聚集格局。用Iwao公式计算的结果与聚集强度指标分析的结果一致。6月4日—8月13日林间李肖叶甲的种群聚集均数λ值均大于2,聚集是李肖叶甲本身的行为所致。     

模拟淹水对池杉和栓皮栎光合生理生态过程的影响

池杉（Taxodium ascendens）和栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）是我国亚热带河岸带和库塘消落区常见的植物,对于河岸带和库塘消落区的水土保持和水源涵养具有十分重要的作用。研究通过测定二者的最大净光合速率、光饱和曲线、二氧化碳饱和曲线、根／茎／叶的可溶性糖含量、叶片的比叶重（Ieaf mass per unit area,LMA）和根系活力等指标研究了模拟淹水（50d）对两年生栓皮栎和池杉树苗生理生态过程的影响。在淹水过程中,栓皮栎的最大净光合速率不断下降,到试验结束时淹水处理的最大净光合速率降低为对照的9％,而且处理与对照差异极显著;而在整个淹水过程中池杉则在处理和对照间没有显著差异。淹水胁迫下：（1）淹水导致栓皮栎表观量子效率（φ）不断下降,淹水第6天降为对照的59．9％左右（P〈0．001）,第26天降为对照的40．9％左右（P〈0．001）,而26d的淹水对池杉的光饱和曲线却影响不大;（2）淹水导致栓皮栎羧化效率（CE）的不断下降,在正常生长条件下栓皮栎的CE为（0．331±0．075）μmolm^-2s^-1Pa^-1。淹水第10天栓皮栎的CE下降到对照的22．1％,淹水第30天降到对照的16．8％,且差异均显著（P〈0．001）。淹水对池杉的二氧化碳饱和曲线没有造成显著影响;（3）淹水导致两个种的根／茎／叶可溶性糖含量呈现动态变化。50d的淹水导致栓皮栎叶片可溶性糖含量相比于对照略有上升,茎和根可溶性糖含量显著上升。而池杉根／茎／叶可溶性糖含量对照和处理之间差异不显著;（4）淹水导致栓皮栎的比叶重持续升高,池杉的与对照没有显著差异;（5）淹水导致栓皮栎的根系活力持续下降,池杉则开始时下降后又升高,这可能与池杉在淹水过程中产生了有利于吸收氧气的不定根,而栓皮栎没有产生不定根有关。以上实验结果说明相对池杉,栓皮栎应属于对淹水较敏感的树种。短期淹水（1～10d）导致栓皮栎光合速率下降的生理生态原因应该至少包括表观量子效率和羧化效率下降两个原因。而长期淹水条件下,叶片碳水化合物的积累（LMA升高）导致的负反馈效应也可能是光合速率下降的原因之一。     

生境类型对啮齿动物扩散和贮藏栓皮栎坚果的影响

在河南省济源市王屋山地区,研究了次生林、灌丛、退耕地三个生境中啮齿动物对栓皮栎坚果的取食、
扩散与贮藏情况。结果表明:1)在研究地区,取食栓皮栎坚果的啮齿动物主要有大林姬鼠、社鼠和黑线姬鼠;
2)在次生林中,啮齿动物对坚果的搬运速率慢于在灌丛和退耕地生境中的搬运速率;3)次生林生境中,贮藏
坚果占被扩散坚果的比例高于灌丛和退耕地,而灌丛生境中被取食坚果占被扩散种子的比例高于退耕地和次生
林;4)栓皮栎坚果的中位存留时间在三个生境间有显著性差异。研究结果提示,在人工造林时,可通过对栓皮
栎坚果进行埋藏处理,以提高种子萌发率。     

Comparison of novel and conventional methods of trapping ixodid ticks in the southeastern U.S.A.

Tick‐borne disease surveillance and research rely on resource‐effective methods for tick collection. This study compared the respective performances of several trapping methods in a mixed grassland–forest habitat in western Tennessee. To test for temporal differences in effectiveness, sites were sampled monthly (April–August 2013) using dry ice, dragging, flagging, sweep netting, carbon dioxide (CO₂) dragging and CO₂ flagging methods. To evaluate the effect of habitat on method effectiveness, four methods (dragging, CO₂ dragging, CO₂ flagging and dry ice) were compared in four habitat types (bottomland deciduous, upland deciduous, coniferous and grassland) in June 2014. In the temporal comparison, ticks were found to be most abundant in April and May, and there was a significant sampling period and method interaction, such that method effectiveness varied across sampling period. Sweep netting was significantly less effective than the other methods. In the habitat comparison, dry ice trap collections represented the most effective method in upland deciduous and coniferous habitats. Flagging using CO₂ was significantly less effective than CO₂ dragging and dragging in bottomland deciduous habitats. The success of the various collection methods did not differ significantly within grassland habitats. Overall, dry ice trapping and dragging were the most effective methods for tick collection across time and habitat.     

Effect of a constant supply of different nitrogen sources on protein and carbohydrate content and enzyme activities of Anabaena variabilis cells

The effect of the nitrogen source on carbohydrate and protein contents and on several enzymatic activities involved in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism was studied in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 cells grown under a constant supply of either N, NO⁻₃ or NH⁺₄ at different concentrations. An enhancement of protein content accompanied by a parallel decrease of carbohydrates was observed with increasing NO⁻₃ or NH⁺₄ concentrations in the medium. In cultures containing 0.1 m M NO⁻₃ or 0.1 m M NH⁺₄ nitrogenase (EC 1.18.6.1) activity was 74 and 66%, respectively, of that found in N₂-grown cells. This activity was still present with 1 m M NO⁻₃ or 1 m M NH⁺₄ in the medium and even with 10 m M NO⁻₃, but it was completely inhibited by 5 m M NH⁺₄. Ferredoxin-nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.7.2) activity was detected only in NO⁻₃ grown cells and simultaneously with nitrogenase activity. Increasing concentrations of combined nitrogen in the medium, especially NH⁺₄, promoted a concomitant decline of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), and NAD⁺-malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) activities, suggesting that these enzymes play an important role in the regulation of carbon-nitrogen metabolism in cyanobacteria.     

Properties and chemical modification of D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis

The basic properties of purified d-amino acid oxidase from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis were investigated. The pH optimum of activity was between pH 8.5 and 9.0, and the native molecular masses of holo- and apo-enzyme were determined to be 170 kDa; higher aggregates corresponded to molecular masses of 320 and 570 kDa. The apparent V _max and K _m values for different substrates varied between 3.7 to 185 U/mg and 0.2 to 17.3 mM, respectively. The reaction of d-amino acid oxidase with sulfite was followed by the typical spectral modifications of the FAD resembling the reduced enzyme; a K _d of 30 μM was calculated for the N(5)-adduct. The red anionic flavin radical of the enzyme was stable; benzoate had no influence on the spectral properties. A complete loss of enzyme activity was observed after chemical modification by the histidine-specific reagent diethyl pyrocarbonate. The inactivation showed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a second-order rate constant of 13.6 M^–1 min^–1 at pH 6.0 and 20°C. The addition of a substrate under anoxic conditions led to a substantial protection from inactivation, which indicates a localization of the modified residues close to the active site. The pK_a of the reacting group was determined to be 7.7, and the rate of inactivation reached a limiting value of 0.031 min^–1. Received: 22 August 1995 / Accepted: 17 October 1995