不同产地土垅大白蚁菌圃中氨基酸的分析比较

土垅大白蚁菌圃因其特殊的生理活性而越来越受到人们的关注 ,成为新型的保健中药材 ,其中所含的氨基酸组份是选材的重要指标。对广西 5个产地的土垅大白蚁菌圃氨基酸进行分析比较 ,为下一步的指纹图谱的研究提供了依据     

Dietary supplement Standard Reference Materials

A new category of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) based on dietary supplements is under development by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), with certified values for organic constituents and selected trace elements. These materials are provided primarily for use in method development and as control materials. The SRMs will assist manufacturers of dietary supplements in characterizing raw materials for potency, authenticity, and contamination or adulteration. In addition, the SRMs will assist in assessment of consistency and quality in finished products. The goal of this ongoing effort is to provide tools to the dietary supplement industry and measurement communities that will lead to improved quality of dietary supplements, and ultimately reduce public health risks that could potentially be associated with these products.     

Celebrating 20 years of historical papers in Photosynthesis Research

This Editorial has four goals: (1) to inform the readers of ‘Photosynthesis Research‘ about the past of the ‘Historical corner’; which began 20 years ago; (2) to encourage photosynthesis researchers and historians of science to contact me for publishing papers of historical interest; these include: (a) Obituaries and Tributes; (b) historical papers on current and past discoveries and controversies; (c) history of research in specific laboratories, or in specific countries, or at specific conferences; (d) Personal perspectives (not discussed any further); (3) to encourage researchers not to discard, but to save correspondence and data of their discoveries for the future historians by donating them to their Archives, when appropriate (not discussed any further); and (4) to reinforce to the readers that the concept of two-light reaction and two-pigment system was already there in 1959. I mention here three key papers presented at the IX^th International Botanical Congress, held at Montreal Canada (in August, 1959) prior to the famous April 9, 1960 paper by Robert Hill and Fay Bendall on the ‘Z-scheme’ of photosynthesis, that was based on thermodynamic and energetic considerations. ^★ This Historical corner Editorial is dedicated to Bessel Kok (1918–1978).     

Neolithisation at the site Brandwijk-Kerkhof, the Netherlands: natural vegetation, human impact and plant food subsistence

Brandwijk-Kerkhof (ca. 4600 to 3630 cal b.c.) is a Neolithic site, located on a river dune in the Dutch Rhine/Maas river area. The natural vegetation and human impact upon it have been investigated by analysis of pollen and macroremains from four cores that are located at increasing distances up to 20 m from the site. The relationship between the strength of human impact on the vegetation and the distance of the cores from the river dune has been investigated as well. The results show that the natural vegetation on top of the river dune consisted of deciduous woodland, while in the surrounding wetlands alder carr and eutrophic marsh vegetation dominated. Human impact of limited strength resulted in more open and disturbed vegetation. There is no correlation between the strength of the evidence of human impact in the pollen diagrams and the distance of the cores from the river dune. The evidence for presence of crop plants from the cores is compared with evidence from the excavation. The first presence of crop plants from ca. 4200 b.c. onwards corresponds with data from other Dutch wetland sites. Large-scale local crop cultivation cannot however be demonstrated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Spatial grain of adaptation is much finer than ecoregional‐scale common gardens reveal

Adaptive variation among plant populations must be known for effective conservation and restoration of imperiled species and predicting their responses to a changing climate. Common‐garden experiments, in which plants sourced from geographically distant populations are grown together such that genetic differences may be expressed, have provided much insight on adaptive variation. Common‐garden experiments also form the foundation for climate‐based seed‐transfer guidelines. However, the spatial scale at which population differentiation occurs is rarely addressed, leaving a critical information gap for parameterizing seed‐transfer guidelines and assessing species’ climate vulnerability. We asked whether adaptation was evident among populations of a foundational perennial within a single “empirical” seed‐transfer zone (based on previous common‐garden findings evaluating very distant populations) but different “provisional” seed zones (groupings of areas of similar climate and are not parameterized from common‐garden data). Seedlings from three populations originating from similar conditions within an intermediate elevation were planted into gardens nearby at the same elevation, or 250–450 m higher or lower in elevation and 0.4–25 km away. Substantial variation was observed between gardens in survival (ranging 2%–99%), foliar crown volume (7.8–22.6 dm³), and reproductive effort (0%–65%), but not among the three transplanted populations. The between garden variation was inversely related to climatic differences between the gardens and seed‐source populations, specifically the site differences in maximum–minimum annual temperatures. Results suggest that substantial site‐specificity in adaptation can occur at finer scales than is accounted for in empirical seed‐transfer guidance when the guidance is derived from broadscale common‐garden studies. Being within the same empirical seed zone, geographic unit, and even within 10 km distance may not qualify as “local” in the context of seed transfer. Moving forward, designing common‐garden experiments so that they allow for testing the scale of adaptation will help in translating the resulting seed‐transfer guidance to restoration projects.     

厦门地区云南樟的引种与养护管理探究

本文以邓小平在厦门市园林植物园的手植树为例,对云南樟的生物学特性、资源分布及在厦门地区的引种情况进行分析,认为:厦门植物园内云南樟生长异常的重要原因是根系活动环境恶化;厦门南亚热带海岛气候条件是导致其速生、提前衰老的主要原因之一,并提出相应的养护管理措施。     

Phylogenetic affinities and conservation status of Telaranea murphyae Paton in Britain

The United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plans includes protection plans for 27 liverworts and 76 mosses. One of the most complicated examples of British plant rarity concerns the leafy liverwort Telaranea. Of the three species recognized in the literature for the British Isles, two (T. tetradactyla and T. murphyae) have been considered recent introductions to the British flora, because their occurrence is restricted to in or near botanic gardens. Both species have recently been transferred to the genus Tricholepidozia. Tricholepidozia murphyae, unlike any other bryophyte on the British Red List, is regarded as non-native, of unknown origin. We selected two molecular markers from different genomic compartments to fit in with existing datasets for Lepidoziaceae, in order to elucidate the origin and affinities of this enigmatic, non-native British endemic, and thus assist prioritization of conservation efforts. We sequenced multiple accessions of all three currently recognized British Telaranea and Tricholepidozia. Based on sequence data, while Telaranea europea is genetically isolated from all other sequenced Lepidoziaceae, it seems that Tricholepidozia murphyae merely represents a separate genetic introduction from the Austral T. tetradactlya/T. lindenbergii species group into the British Isles, and as such, in the UK it should be considered of low conservation priority. We thus synonymize T. murphyae under T. tetradactyla, while acknowledging that taxonomy within the T. tetradactlya/T. lindenbergii species complex still requires revision.     

The anomalous Kentucky coffeetree: megafaunal fruit sinking to extinction?

The Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus, Fabaceae) is an ecological paradox. A rare tree in nature in eastern and central North America, G. dioicus produces legumes that are only known to be dispersed by water, but appear similar to fruits consumed and dispersed by elephants and rhinoceros. One would expect the pods to be consumed by livestock, but the pulp and seeds are toxic to cattle and sheep. We examine the puzzle of G. dioicus dispersal in light of its other reproductive and life history characteristics and find that it probably is a botanical anachronism, in terms of both a set of dispersal agents long extinct and habitats, including what we term megafaunal disclimaxes, which have disappeared. Large seeds, the megafaunal gestault of the fruit, a dioecious mating system, and shade-intolerance combined with vigorous cloning suggest a widely dispersed pioneer of Miocene through Pleistocene habitats profoundly altered by large-mammal herbivory. As to what ate it, we can only say there were once many candidates. We hypothesize that the plant is an ecological anachronism, sinking to extinction in the wild.     

Patterns in species richness and distribution of vascular epiphytes in Chiapas, Mexico

Aim We aim to assess regional patterns in the distribution and species richness of vascular epiphytes with an emphasis on forests that differ in altitude and the amount of rainfall. Location Tropical America, in particularly the 75,000 km² large state of Chiapas in southern Mexico at 14.5–18.0°N. Chiapas is diverse in habitats with forests from sea‐level to the tree‐line at c. 3800 m altitude and with annual amounts of rainfall ranging from 800 to over 5000 mm. It is also one of the botanical best‐explored regions in the tropics. Methods First we give an overview of epiphyte inventories to date. Such epiphyte surveys were mostly carried out on the basis of surface area or individual trees and we discuss their problematic comparison. Applying a different methodological approach, we then used 12,276 unique vascular epiphyte plant collections from Chiapas that are deposited in various botanical collections. The locality data were georeferenced and compiled in a relational data base that was analysed using a geographical information system. To compare the number of species between inventories that differed in the numbers of records, we estimated the total richness, S_Chao, at each. Results We recorded 1173 vascular epiphyte species in thirty‐nine families (twenty‐three angiosperms), comprising c. 14% of all confirmed plant species in the state. About half of all species were orchids (568). Ferns and bromeliads were the next species‐rich groups with 244 and 101 species, respectively. Most species were found in the Montane Rain Forest and in the Central Plateau. Trees of different forest formations, rainfall regimes, altitudes and physiographical regions supported a characteristic epiphyte flora. Main conclusions We were able to confirm the presumed presence of a belt of high diversity at mid‐elevations (500–2000 m) in neotropical mountains. In contrast to predictions, however, we observed a decrease in diversity when the annual amount of rainfall exceeded 2500 mm. The decrease is attributed to wind‐dispersed orchids, bromeliads and Pteridophyta that may find establishment problematical under frequent downpours. In the wet but seasonal forests in Chiapas, this decrease is not compensated by plants in the animal‐dispersed Araceae that are abundant elsewhere. We presume that in addition to the annual amount of rainfall, its distribution in time determines the composition of the epiphyte community.     

百花山野生植物资源分布情况及主要花卉园林应用评价

百花山自然保护区具有优越的地理位置和良好的气候条件,其中孕育着丰富的植物资源,是北京著名的野生花卉种质资源库.在调查分析其野生植物自然分布情况的同时,对其中的重要花卉的潜在园林利用价值作了简要评价,期望加大对百花山野生花卉资源的开发利用.