喀斯特断陷盆地区不同恢复阶段群落物种组成与多样性特征

研究自然植被恢复过程中的物种组成、群落结构及生物多样性的变化,能够为人工促进植被恢复的树种选择与群落结构的优化配置提供重要依据。本研究以空间代替时间对喀斯特断陷盆地典型区云南省建水县不同天然植被(草丛、灌丛、乔木林)进行群落学调查,对不同恢复阶段的植物群落按乔木、灌木、草本进行分层,分析各恢复阶段植物群落的物种组成、水平和垂直结构、生物多样性。结果表明:在总面积为3200 m²的12个样地中,共记录43科72属94种维管束植物,优势种以壳斗科(Fagaceae)、鼠李科(Rhamnaceae)、紫金牛科(Myrsinaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、木犀科(Oleaceae)等科的植物为主;在草丛→灌丛→乔木林的恢复过程中,群落物种组成中的科数、属数、种数逐渐增加,低矮和小径级植物个体数所占比例逐渐减少,但整体仍以低矮的小径级植物为主。草本植物的丰富度和Shannon指数在植被恢复的初期即草丛阶段最大,而均匀度指数则以灌丛阶段最大;木本植物的丰富度和Shannon指数随着植被的恢复逐渐增大,但均匀度指数随着植被的恢复逐渐下降;随着植被的恢复,草本层和乔木层...     

On-line identification of the bioactive compounds from Blumea gariepina by HPLC-UV-MS and HPLC-UV-NMR, combined with HPLC-micro-fractionation

The dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of Blumea gariepina (Asteraceae) was shown to be active against the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum and to inhibit acetylcholinesterase. In order rapidly to identify the active principles, the crude extract was analysed by on-flow HPLC-1H-NMR. HPLC-micro-fractionation was performed and all peaks collected were submitted to assays against C. cucumerinum and acetylcholinesterase. By this means, the biological activities could be efficiently associated with selected HPLC peaks. Complementary on-line structural data for all peaks of interest in the crude extract were obtained from HPLC-MS and from HPLC-UV with post-column addition of UV shift reagents. This chemical screening strategy with integrated bioassays permitted the on-line identification of a number of constituents and gave useful information for an efficient isolation procedure.     

接种刺状无梗囊霉对番茄生长及psy1与psy2基因表达的影响

本研究利用前期筛选获得的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)刺状无梗囊霉XJ27侵染矮化观赏型番茄品种“小汤姆”,分析番茄植株生物量、叶绿素含量以及果实番茄红素含量等相关指标,并采用半定量RT-PCR与实时PCR检测对番茄红素合成相关基因psy1与psy2的表达情况.结果表明：与对照组相比,刺状无梗囊霉处理组番茄的生物量显著增加,增产效果明显;番茄红素合成相关基因psy1与psy2表达增强,果实中的番茄红素含量显著提高.表明刺状无梗囊霉XJ27是一株很有应用潜力的AM真菌.     

增强UV-B辐射对暖温带落叶阔叶林土庄绣线菊水分利用效率、气孔导度、叶氮素含量及形态特性的影响

在北京东灵山暖温带森林生态系统中,选择常见灌丛土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens),建立UV-B控制实验。连续3个生长季每天增补9.4 kJ·m^-2的辐射剂量,模拟臭氧衰减17%时近地表面UV-B辐射的增强。该实验的目的是在野外环境下观测,长时间人工增强UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊叶片的气孔导度、碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)、叶含水量、叶面积、特别是水分利用效率(WUE)和叶片全氮含量等指标的影响。实验结果表明,增强UV-B辐射显著减少了土庄绣线菊的叶面积(50.1%),提高了叶片全氮含量(102%)。同时,UV-B辐射还在一定程度上(尽管统计显示不显著)降低了气孔导度(16.1%)、胞间CO₂浓度与大气CO₂浓度之比(C_i/C_a) (4.0%)、提高了碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)(20.5‰)、叶含水量(3.1%)及比叶重(SLW)(5.2%),从而导致WUE的增加(4.1%)和植物的抗旱能力增强。值得注意的是,深层土壤(30~40 cm)含水量变化会影响气孔导度、δ¹³C和WUE对紫外辐射的响应程度:在土壤干旱的季节(6月和9月),气孔导度、δ¹³C、WUE这些指标处理和对照的差异很小,但是当土壤水分充足时(7月和8月),处理和对照的差异就较为显著。另外,随着实验处理时间的延长,UV-B的效应变得不显著。相关分析表明,UV-B辐射降低了土壤含水量(30~40 cm)与土庄绣线菊叶含水量、δ¹³C、C_i/C_a和气孔导度的相关系数,增强了WUE与土壤含水量的相关性,这也许是由于UV-B辐射增强了WUE对土壤水分变化的敏感性。该研究的结果表明UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊的形态和生长有显著的影响,但对主要水分生理指标影响不显著。     

LANDSCAPE GENOMICS OF POPULUS TRICHOCARPA: THE ROLE OF HYBRIDIZATION,LIMITED GENE FLOW,AND NATURAL SELECTION IN SHAPING PATTERNS OF POPULATION STRUCTURE

Populus trichocarpa is an ecologically important tree across western North America. We used a large population sample of 498 accessions over a wide geographical area genotyped with a 34K Populus SNP array to quantify geographical patterns of genetic variation in this species (landscape genomics). We present evidence that three processes contribute to the observed patterns: (1) introgression from the sister species P. balsamifera, (2) isolation by distance (IBD), and (3) natural selection. Introgression was detected only at the margins of the species’ distribution. IBD was significant across the sampled area as a whole, but no evidence of restricted gene flow was detected in a core of drainages from southern British Columbia (BC). We identified a large number of F_ST outliers. Gene Ontology analyses revealed that F_ST outliers are overrepresented in genes involved in circadian rhythm and response to red/far‐red light when the entire dataset is considered, whereas in southern BC heat response genes are overrepresented. We also identified strong correlations between geoclimate variables and allele frequencies at F_ST outlier loci that provide clues regarding the selective pressures acting at these loci.