基于政策工具视角的中国生物产业政策差异性分析

产业发展离不开产业政策的制定与发布,产业政策对于产业具有导向性与支持性,其制定主体主要包括中央政府和地方政府。以生物产业为例,采用计量分析的方法,搜集并整理了中央政府以及湖北、深圳、重庆、上海、北京五个地方政府颁布的生物产业政策,对其外部属性特征进行差异性分析,同时对多份国家层面的生物产业结构性政策运用内容分析的方法,进行政策工具分类分析,并构建了“政策工具-生物产业发展阶段”二维政策工具分析框架,探讨不同产业发展阶段之间政策工具使用的差异性。研究发现,中央政府与地方政府生物产业政策密集发布年份存在差异,且与生物产业发展关键节点有关联;国家层面生物产业政策不同类型政策工具使用频率差距较大,以环境型政策工具为主,较少使用需求型政策工具。针对研究结果,从我国生物产业发展情况及区域间差异的角度提出了相关政策建议。     

Long-term Coordination of Timber Production and Consumption Using a Dynamic Material and Energy Flow Analysis

A dynamic model for wood and energy flows is used to analyze regional timber management. The model combines a sitequality-dependent forest-growth module with modules for the timber industry, timber products use, waste management, and energy supply. The model is calibrated with data of a Swiss lowland region for the period of 1900–1997. Scenarios are developed for the period until 2100 in order to discuss possible future roles of domestic timber.
Model simulations show that, with present strategies, timber overproduction will further increase in the twenty-first century because of an increase in forest site quality in the second half of the twentieth century, among other reasons. The increase in building gross floor area of the region by a factor of 5 during the twentieth century coincides with a reduction of timber use in building construction by a factor of 4.5, from 90 kg/m2 to 20 kg/m2. Increasing timber density in buildings could address overproduction; however, a strategy of timber construction could not be accomplished with domestic timber alone. A balance of production and consumption on the present level could also be achieved in a scenario in which the present building stock is gradually exchanged during the twenty-first century with buildings that exclusively use a combination of solar panels on roofs and domestic firewood and used wood as heat-energy sources. These replacement buildings would have density typical of late twentieth-century buildings, and they would need to perform on a low-energy standard of not more than 130 MJ/m2/yr.     

Methylobacterium sp. isolated from a Finnish paper machine produces highly pyruvated galactan exopolysaccharide

The slime-forming bacterium Methylobacterium sp. was isolated from a Finnish paper machine and its exopolysaccharide (EPS) was produced on laboratory scale. Sugar compositional analysis revealed a 100% galactan (EPS). However, FT-IR showed a very strong peak at 1611 cm(-1) showing the presence of pyruvate. Analysis of the pyruvate content revealed that, based on the sugar composition, the EPS consists of a trisaccharide repeating unit consisting of D-galactopyranose and [4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)]-D-galactopyranose with a molar ratio of 1:2, respectively. Both linkage analysis and 2D homo- and heteronuclear 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed the following repeating unit: -->3)-[4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)]-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)[4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)]-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->. By enrichment cultures from various ground and compost heap samples a polysaccharide-degrading culture was obtained that produced an endo acting enzyme able to degrade the EPS described. The enzyme hydrolysed the EPS to a large extent, releasing oligomers that mainly consisted out of two repeating units.     

An updated review of Listeria monocytogenes in the pork meat industry and its products

Pork meat and processed pork products have been the sources of outbreaks of listeriosis in France and in other European countries during the last decade. The aim of this review is to understand how contamination, survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes can occur in pork meat products. This study discusses the presence of L. monocytogenes in raw pork meat, in the processing environment and in finished products. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes generally increases from the farm to the manufacturing plants and this mainly due to cross-contamination. In many cases, this pathogen is present in raw pork meat at low or moderate levels, but foods involved in listeriosis outbreaks are those in which the organism has multiplied to reach levels significantly higher than 1000 CFU g(-1). In such cases, L. monocytogenes has been able to survive and/or to grow despite the hurdles encountered during the manufacturing and conservation processes. Accordingly, attention must be paid to the design of food-processing equipment and to the effectiveness of the cleaning and disinfecting procedures in factories. Finally, the production of safe pork meat products is based on the implementation of general preventive measures such as Good Hygiene Practices, Good Manufacturing and the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point.     

An investigation on glutathione derived from spinach and red cabbage leaves and their effects of adding to meat patties

Plants that produce leaves have been cultivated by humans for thousands of years because of the benefits they provide in terms of food and other necessities. Because of their high nutritional value and key phyto-components like glutathione, Leaf producing vegetables (LPVs) are being studied for their potential uses and health benefits. As a result, the focus of this study was using efficient methods for isolating and identifying glutathione from spinach and red cabbage. Glutathione was extracted using three extraction solvents: water (100%), ethanol (100%), and a combination of ethanol and water (30% and 70%, respectively) by volume (v/v), while separation was accomplished using ultrafiltration equipment. In our investigation, the best extraction solvent was a mixture of ethanol and water at a ratio of 30:70% (v/v), which extracted 951 µg/g glutathione. The antioxidant activity of plant leaf extract was measured using DPPH, with butylated hydroxytoluene serving as a comparative standard. Identification and characterization of glutathione from plant leaf extracts were revealed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry studies, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the physical and chemical properties (pH, water holding capacity, extracted liquid volume, peroxide value, free fatty acids, and thiobarbituric acid) of meat patties prepared with three different concentrations of determined glutathione were tested for susceptibility to preservation during 10 days of refrigeration at 4 ± 1 °C. The findings of the current study provide vast prospects for subsequent research to researchers and scientists that the glutathione obtained from leaf extract has no toxicity that might be applied to developed functional foods and other food formulations. Because foods containing plant-derived glutathione improve health, biological function, and food spoilage. It may be utilized as high-quality antioxidants that are safe and non-toxic. Furthermore, glutathione preserves food quality and prevents oxidation.     

High-level production and characterization of a novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Aspergillus awamori and its potential application in the brewing industry

A novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene (AaBglu12A) from Aspergillus awamori was extracellularly expressed in Pichia pastoris. AaBglu12A showed amino acid identity of 96 % with a glycoside hydrolase family 12 cellulase from A. kawachii and 48 % with a β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Magnaporthe oryzae. The highest β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity of 159,500 ± 500 U/mL with protein concentration of 31.7 ± 0.3 g/L was achieved in a 5-L fermentor. AaBglu12A was purified until homogeneous with recovery yield of 92 %. Its maximal activity was found at 55 °C and pH 5.0. The enzyme was stable up to 60 °C and within the pH range of 2.0-9.0. It also demonstrated strict substrate specificity towards oat- and barley-glucans as well as lichenan. The K_m values for oat-, barley-glucans, and lichenan were 2.82, 3.51, and 2.53 mg/mL, respectively. The V_max values for oat-, barley-glucans, and lichenan were 12,068, 10,790, and 7236 μmol/min·mg, respectively. AaBglu12A hydrolyzed oat- and barley-β-glucans to produce tetra- and tri-saccharides. However, lichenan was hydrolyzed to yield trisaccharides as the main end product. The addition of AaBglu12A to the mashing process substantially decreased filtration time by 34.5 % and viscosity by 9.6 %. Therefore, the high-level production of AaBglu12A might be a promising strategy for the brewing industry owing to its favorable properties.     

Potential of Biowaste from the Food Industry as a Biomass Resource

The importance of biomass as a resource for energy production or as a chemical feedstock will increase significantly in the next decades. The amounts of biomass that can be used for non‐food purposes however will be limited and its use will compete with other claims like food and feed production. In order to minimize such food‐feed‐fuel conflicts it is necessary to integrate all kinds of biowaste into a biomass economy. The food industry in particular might be a good candidate for assessment, since it produces inevitably large amounts of biogenic residues each year. The possibilities to use food processing residues for non‐food purposes like bioenergy, biomaterial production, chemical feedstock or as animal feed are therefore discussed in more detail in this paper. It is shown that food processing residues represent a small but valuable biomass fraction that can be exploited in numerous ways. The most promising approach appears to be to design new microbial bioconversion processes as part of more complex biorefinery concepts.     

Pollution control in pulp and paper industrial effluents using integrated chemical–biological treatment sequences

The main objective of the present study was to improve the quality of pulp and paper industrial wastewater of two local mills RAKTA and El-Ahlia, Alexandria, Egypt, and to bring their pollutant contents to safe discharge levels. Quality improvement was carried out using integrated chemical and biological treatment approaches after their optimization. Chemical treatment (alum, lime, and ferric chloride) was followed by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide and finally biological treatment using activated sludge (90 min for RAKTA and 60 min for El-Ahlia effluents). Chemical coagulation produced low-quality effluents, while pH adjustment during coagulation treatment did not enhance the quality of the effluents. Maximum removal of the tested pollutants was achieved using the integrated treatment and the pollutants recorded residual concentrations (RCs) of 34.67, 17.33, 0.13, and 0.43 mg/l and 15.0, 11.0, 0.0, and 0.13 mg/l for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), tannin and lignin, and silica in RAKTA and El-Ahlia effluents, respectively, all of which were below their maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for the safe discharge into water courses. Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) and sludge volume index (SVI) values reflect good conditions and healthy activated sludge. Based on the previous results, optimized conditions were applied as bench scale on the raw effluents of RAKTA and El-Ahlia via the batch chemical and the biological treatment sequences proposed. For RAKTA effluents, the sequence was as follows: (1) coagulation with 375 mg/l FeCl₃, (2) oxidation with 50 mg/l hydrogen peroxide, and (3) biological treatment using activated sludge with 2,000 mg/l initial concentration and 90 min hydraulic retention time (HRT), while for El-Ahlia raw effluents, the sequence was (1) coagulation with 250 mg/l FeCl₃, (2) oxidation with 45 mg/l hydrogen peroxide, and (3) biological treatment using activated sludge with 2,000 mg/l initial concentration and 60 min HRT. In conclusion, results confirmed that the application of the proposed sequential treatments removed almost all COD, BOD₅, high molecular weight compounds, and silica from RAKTA and El-Ahlia influents and produced high-quality effluents, thus achieving the main objective of this study.     

我国各区域生物产业竞争力评价及实证分析

生物经济时代开启了人类新一波技术产业革命,我国针对生物产业作出的战略部署已经取得了明显成效,但在生物产业发展过程中仍存在区域发展不平衡等问题。为综合评价我国各区域生物产业竞争力现状,文中从生物医药、生物能源、生物农业和生物工业4个细分产业角度构建了生物产业整体竞争力评价指标体系,通过层次分析法确定了各评价指标的权重,并通过实证分析计算了我国不同地区生物产业的综合竞争力指数。评价结果表明,我国各区域生物产业竞争在空间上呈现梯度分布现象。针对此,文中从实施乡村振兴战略、推进区域协调发展战略、深化生物产业供给侧结构性改革和建立区域统一的信息协作网络体系4个角度提出了相关政策建议。     

Yeast and drug discovery

Advanced genetic techniques, along with the high degree of conservation of basic cellular processes, have made the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae a valuable system for identification of new drug targets, target-based and non-target-based drug screening, and detailed analysis of the cellular effects of drugs. Yeast also presents a convenient system for antifungal drug discovery because it is closely related to Candida albicans, a major human pathogen. Many yeast genes remain poorly characterized, and most of the sophisticated techniques in yeast have been in widespread use less than a decade – a period shorter than the typical cycle from target identification to marketing approval for a new drug. It is likely that most of the benefits of yeast in discovery and development of therapeutic compounds have yet to be realized. Electronic Publication