Prediction of F3 row performance from F2 individual plant data in oats

Summary Parameters estimated from a Gardner-Eberhart analysis of the F₂ generation of a six-parent diallel in oats (Avena sativa L.) were used to compare methods for predicting the performance of F₃ row plots. The prediction methods were: (1) individual F₂ plant performance (F2I), (2) parent average plus F₂ plot deviations (PF2), (3) parent average plus weighted F₂ plot deviations (PF2P), (4) best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of parent average plus F₂ plot deviations (BPF2), and (5) BLUP plus weighted F₂ deviations (BF2). The F₂ single-plant traits used for prediction were biological yield to predict F₃ biological yield, whole plant and primary tiller grain yield for prediction of F₃ grain yield, and whole plant and primary tiller harvest index (HI) to predict F₃ HI. Prediction methods were evaluated by correlations between predicted and observed F₃ performance. Prediction methods and traits for which correlations were greater than for F2I included: BF2 for biological yield, PF2, PF2P and BF2 for whole plant grain yield, PF2, BPF2, and BF2 for primary tiller grain yield. None had a correlation significantly greater than F2I for either measure of HI, where heritability was large. PF2 is the recommended method for traits with low heritability because of its simplicity and because it had the largest or nearly the largest correlation for each of the yield traits. F2I is the recommended method for traits with larger heritability.Contribution No. 8821 of the U.S. Regional Pasture Research LaboratoryDeceased     

城镇污水诱发青蛙蝌蚪红细胞微核及其在环境监测中的应用

本文利用青蛙(Rana nigromaculata Hallowell)蝌蚪红细胞微核试验,作为检测城镇污水诱变活性的一种新的监测技术。在16d生活污水处理的实验中,青蛙蝌蚪红细胞微核细胞率2d后就呈现统计上的显著增加,并随处理时间的延长而增高,第12d达到最大值。在不同浓度混合污水处理实验中,蝌蚪红细胞微核细胞率呈现明显的剂量依赖性增加。上述实验证明城镇生活污水和混合污水都具有较强的诱变活性。作者从遗传毒理学的角度评价了湖北黄州综合生物塘系统对污水诱变活性的净化效能。城镇混合污水经综合生物塘各级塘处理,蝌蚪微核细胞率逐级下降,由进水的7.54‰下降到最后出水的1.52‰,接近对照(1.07‰)水平。其中综合生物塘的藻菌单元比水生植物单元对污水诱变活性具有更强的净化效力。本文提出污水“诱变指数”可作为综合生物塘一项功能评价指标。     

对冷适应大鼠棕色脂肪和肝脏在非寒颤产热机制中作用的评价

本实验主要观察并比较了大鼠冷适应前后直肠温度(RT)、血清游离脂肪酸(SFFA)浓度、肩胛间棕色脂肪组织(IBAT)和肝脏cAMP含量的变化及其对去甲肾上腺素(NE)反应性的改变。结果表明:①冷适应28d大鼠在冷环境中RT稳定,NE刺激后RT上升幅度大于常温对照组(P<0.005);②冷适应1d组SFFA升高,冷适应28d组SFFA接近对照组,且对NE刺激无反应,对照组给NE后SFFA与RT一致性升高;③冷适应28d组IBAT的cAMP升高,而肝脏的cAMP含量三组间无显著性差异。NE刺激后,冷适应28d组IBAT和肝脏cAMP均升高,与RT反应一致,而对照组不变。结果提示,在5±3℃适应28d的大鼠已建立冷适应机制,非寒颤产热(NST)容量增加,在冷适应的不同时期,肝脏和IBAT调节NST的机制不同。     

利用普通怯寄蝇防治菜粉蝶初探

1 前言 从外地引进寄蝇或人工助长当地寄蝇种类防治农林害虫,是有效的生防手段之一,国外已有很多成功的报道。King等(1981)在路易斯安娜州蔗田中人工大量释放螟利索寄蝇(Lixophaga diatraeae)成虫防治第1代小蔗杆草螟(Diatraea saccharalis),不同地区的寄生率分别达到4.1、8.7和35.7％;由于降低了农药的使用量,奇痣窄径茧蜂(Agathis stigmatera)的自然寄生率也相应提高,很好地控制了蔗田害虫的发生。在寄蝇的田间释放技术方面,国外还没有详细的报道。在我国,利用寄蝇防治害虫的工作也是刚刚起步,很多具体问题有待于进一步研究。     

In vitro antagonism of bioluminescent fungi by Trichoderma harzianum

Two species of bioluminescent fungi, Panellus stypticus and Omphalotus olearius were placed in contact with three different strains of interfungal pathogenic Trichoderma harzianum. Subsequent light emission by the luminous fungi and advance of the interfungal pathogens were compared. Relative differences among the pathogens were reflected in their rate of mycelial advance, the total area over which they produced spores upon the host fungi, and decreases in host bioluminescence. After ten days differences in the total surface areas of spore production varied from 1 to 53 per cent. Differences in the reduction of bioluminescence of the same material ranged over 2 orders of magnitude. Final reduction in luminescence ranged over 6 orders of magnitude. A marked reduction in bioluminescence was observed to precede the advance of spore production. The greatest reduction in luminescence was correlated with the presence of T. harzianum hyphae. Two strains of T. harzianum, NRRL 1698 and ATCC 58674, were effective against both bioluminescent fungi within the study period while a third strain, NRRL 13019, was only effective against Omphalotus olearius.     

The involvement of ethanol in the free radical reaction of 6-hydroxydopamine

ESR spin trapping technique was used to detect and analyze free radical formation. When 6-hydroxydomine (6-OHDA) was incubated alone or in the presence of a free radical generating system (H₂O₂ and FeSO₄), hydroxyl free radicals were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Glutathione was found to be the most effective scavenger of the ESR signal when compared with vitamin E or Mannitol. The addition of ethanol resulted in the formation of the pure hydroxyethyl free radicals. The amount of hydroxyethyl free radicals in the system was dependent upon the concentration of ethanol and the formation of hydroxyethyl free radicals correlated well with the extent of lipid peroxidation and the loss of enzymic activity of the membrane-bound (Na⁺, K⁺)-ATPase. We suggest that in the biological system ethanol may potentiate the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA with the formation of hydroxyethyl free radicals, which are longer-lived and far more damaging to membranes that the hydroxyl radicals. These data lead us to further hypothesize that the neuronal degeneration caused by 6-OHDA and other compounds that generate free radicals could be potentiated in the presence of ethanol.     

Superoxide Radical-Mediated Alteration of Synaptosome Membrane Structure and High-Affinity γ-[14C]Aminobutyric Acid Uptake

Mouse cortical synaptosomal structure and function are altered when exposed to hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase (HPX/XOD)-generated active oxygen/free radical species. The structure of both the synaptic vesicle and plasma membrane systems are altered by HPX/XOD treatment. The alteration of synaptic vesicle structure is exhibited by a significant increase in the cumulative length of nonsynaptic vesicle membrane per nerve terminal. With respect to the nerve terminal plasma membrane, the length of the perimeter of the synaptosome is increased as the membrane pulls away from portions of the terminal in blebs. The functional lesion generated by HPX/XOD treatment results in a reduction in selective high-affinity gamma-[14C]aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake. Kinetic analysis of the reduction in high-affinity uptake reveals that the Vmax is significantly altered whereas the Km is not. Preincubation with specific active oxygen/free radical scavengers indicates that the super-oxide radical is directly involved. This radical, most probably in the protonated perhydroxyl form, initiates lipid peroxidative damage of the synaptosomal membrane systems. Low-affinity [14C]GABA transport is unaltered by the HPX/XOD treatment. The apparent ineffectiveness of free radical exposure on low-affinity [14C]GABA transport coupled with its effectiveness in reducing high-affinity transport supports the idea that two separate and different amino acid uptake systems exist in CNS tissue, with the high-affinity being more sensitive (lipid-dependent) and/or more energy-dependent (Na+,K+-ATPase) than the low-affinity system.     

大豆下胚轴线粒体产生超氧物自由基的效率

大豆下胚轴线粒体在呼吸基质存在下,显著地增加了肾上腺素氧化速率,这种氧化速率能为外源SOD抑制,表明线粒体呼吸时产生分子氧的单电子还原成O_2(?)。亚线粒体颗粒产生O_2(?)的效率略高于线粒体。大豆下胚轴线粒体吸链内O_2(?)的产生为NADH所支持并与交替途径无关。表明分子氧单电子还原的部位可能是NADH-黄素蛋白和UbQ-Cyt.B。