KIRA指标的拓展及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用

根据Kira以月平均气温5℃为界的热量指数和干湿度指数概念,提出了以月平均气温10℃为界的生物热量指数,包括生物温暖指数(BWI)和生物寒冷指数(BCI),并修正其干湿度指数为生物干湿度指数(BK).利用中国689个标准气象台站的资料,分析我国主要植被类型分布与热量因子和干湿度因子的关系,得出两者之间较好的相关性,生物温暖指数、寒冷指数和干湿度指数的散点图较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局.以10℃为界的生物温暖指数不仅对我国森林植被的地理分布和温度气候带的划分具有较好的指示作用,而且对西南部高山、亚高山地区的植被与气候关系指示性较强;生物寒冷指数则对亚热带和热带的指示性很好,能够较好区分亚热带南部及热带地区;由热量指数和降水量综合得出的生物干湿度指数,对中国西北部干旱、半干旱区以至全国的植被分布与水分、热量因子的关系分析有较好的应用价值.     

Endemic flora biodiversity in the south of the Iberian Peninsula: altitudinal distribution,life forms and dispersal modes

The south of the Iberian Peninsula, with an altitudinal range varying from sea level to 3482m and annual average rainfall ranging from 206 to 2223mm, has 516 vascular endemic species or subspecies, that is, an endemicity rate of 13%. This survey deals with parameters such as species richness, originality, life forms and dispersal modes of these plants, in relation to altitudinal and rainfall gradients. Although most of the endemic plants occur between 600 and 1400m a.s.l. and in the range of 600–1000mm annual average rainfall, floristic originality (rate of endemic taxa per area unit) increases exponentially with altitude. The biological spectrum of this endemic flora does not follow the usual patterns observed either in local floras in the south of the Iberian Peninsula or in other regions of the Mediterranean Basin. Chamaephytes (46.08%) and hemicryptophytes (31.37%) are very abundant, whereas therophytes (11.96%) and phanerophytes (0.98%) are comparatively rare. There is a statistically significant correlation between life form and both altitudinal and rainfall gradients. Chamaephytes reach their highest density rates within 1400–2000m a.s.l., but these records tend to decrease as rainfall rates increase. Abundance of hemicryptophytes is directly dependent on rainfall rates and inversely dependent on temperature. The altitudinal distribution pattern of therophytes is opposite to that of hemicryptophytes, but there is no clear correlation as far as rainfall gradient is concerned. Considering both the endemic plants as a whole and each of the life form groups, the relationships between the dispersal modes used and the altitudinal and rainfall gradients are analysed. Up to 44.51% of the endemic plants do not present evident adaptations to promote the dispersion of their diaspores. However, only in the group of therophytes, whose occurrence is positively related to areas of minor altitude, does this difficulty of dispersion play a significant role in the maintenance of stenochory.     

In vitro antagonism of bioluminescent fungi by Trichoderma harzianum

Two species of bioluminescent fungi, Panellus stypticus and Omphalotus olearius were placed in contact with three different strains of interfungal pathogenic Trichoderma harzianum. Subsequent light emission by the luminous fungi and advance of the interfungal pathogens were compared. Relative differences among the pathogens were reflected in their rate of mycelial advance, the total area over which they produced spores upon the host fungi, and decreases in host bioluminescence. After ten days differences in the total surface areas of spore production varied from 1 to 53 per cent. Differences in the reduction of bioluminescence of the same material ranged over 2 orders of magnitude. Final reduction in luminescence ranged over 6 orders of magnitude. A marked reduction in bioluminescence was observed to precede the advance of spore production. The greatest reduction in luminescence was correlated with the presence of T. harzianum hyphae. Two strains of T. harzianum, NRRL 1698 and ATCC 58674, were effective against both bioluminescent fungi within the study period while a third strain, NRRL 13019, was only effective against Omphalotus olearius.     

Comparative Biological Efficacy of Hirsutella thompsonii and Neoseiulus teke for Cassava Mite (Mononychellus tanajoa) Suppression

The biological control potential of Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher (Deuteromycetes: Monilianes) was compared with that of Neoseiulus teke Pritchard and Baker (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for cassava mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari:Tetranychidae), suppression. Mite infestation levels (egg and mite motile counts and damage rating) were lower on H. thompsonii- and N. teke- treated plants than on plants sprayed with water. N. teke reduced the pest attack to a comparable level to that of H. thompsonii . In the field, applications of aqueous suspensions of H. thompsonii at concentrations of 1.2 1011 conidia/ha (CPH) and 6.0 1010 CPH significantly lowered mite infestation on a number of recording dates. As rainfall levels increased, mite infestation and the number of cadavers on the leaves declined. The study showed that H. thompsonii has promise for controlling M. tanajoa when the fungus is applied in harmony with other natural mortality factors.     

上海郊区人群的体质特征和遗传关系

本项研究收集了上海郊区的 13个具有明显方言差异的人群的各类人类遗传学数据 5 3项进行聚类分析 ,发现黄浦江以东的人群相对较纯 ,而黄浦江以西的则较混杂 ,两组群体都分别可以聚成较远的 3类。由此认为上海郊区的人群大致有 3种起源 ,上海奉贤区金汇镇和闵行区马桥镇为代表的居民与南方土著民族较近 ,崇明县、嘉定区、浦东新区和南汇区的居民与北方民族较近 ,而奉贤区的头桥镇、金山区、青浦区的朱家角和商榻、松江区天马山等地的居民又是另一类。这与历史记载他们的不同来源有关。     

生物学实验中的湿度控制：改良的装置及工作原理

相对湿度是生物学实验中一个十分重要而又较难准确控制的环境因素．本项研究设计出一种改进的简易控湿装置,可利用普通温光型培养箱同时进行不同湿度水平的生物学实验．该装置由微型气泵、３个试剂瓶串连而成的三联体和一个用有机玻璃制成的生长箱组成,经在２０℃下对饱和酒石酸钠溶液调节的湿度（理论值９２％）连续测定和校正,控湿效果良好,误差仅±１％左右．同时对不同浓度硫酸溶液控制生长箱内不同水平的湿度进行了测定和检验,亦效果良好,且对环境温度的适应性强,在５～３５℃范围内同一硫酸浓度控制相同的稳定湿度．最后,对上述装置控制湿度的稳定性及其影响因素进行了讨论     

Triazines facilitate neurotransmitter release of synaptic terminals located in hearts of frog (Rana ridibunda) and honeybee (Apis mellifera) and in the ventral nerve cord of a beetle (Tenebrio molitor)

Three triazine herbicides, atrazine, simazine and metribuzine, and some of their major metabolites (cyanuric acid and 6-azauracil) were investigated for their action on synaptic terminals using three different isolated tissue preparations from the atria of the frog, Rana ridibunda, the heart of the honeybee, Apis mellifera macedonica, and the ventral nerve cord of the beetle, Tenebrio molitor. The results indicate that triazines facilitate the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals, as already reported for the mammalian central nervous system. The no observed effect concentration, the maximum concentration of the herbicide diluted in the saline that has no effect on the physiological properties of the isolated tissue, was estimated for each individual preparation. According to their relative potency, the three triazines tested can be ranked as follows: atrazine (cyanuric acid), simazine>metribuzine (6-azauracil). The action of these compounds on the cholinergic (amphibians, insects), adrenergic (amphibian) and octopaminergic (insects) synaptic terminals is discussed.     

麻楝种子形态和营养特征遗传变异分析

为系统揭示麻楝种源间种子形态和营养成分的变异程度和变异规律,以8个国家26个种源麻楝种子为试验材料,对不同种源麻楝种子的形态特征和营养成分进行比较分析。多重比较结果表明,麻楝种源间种子的长、宽、厚、长宽比、百粒重以及可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量差异极显著;相关分析表明,种子百粒重与种子长、种子宽呈极显著正相关,可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量与百粒重均呈极显著正相关;主成分分析结果显示,影响麻楝种子品质的第1主成分主要是种子形态性状,即种子长、百粒重和种子宽,第2主成分是种子营养成分;通过分析麻楝种子形态特征及营养成分变异系数可知,麻楝种子形态变异系数大于营养成分变异系数,表明种子形态受外界环境影响较大。通过主成分聚类分析,将26个种源分为2个集群,第1集群包括澳大利亚和马来西亚2个种源,其特点是种子形态较大、百粒较重、养分含量较高;第2集群包括其余24个种源。结合聚类分析和种子形态与地理气候因子相关分析结果可知,麻楝种子形态变异具有一定的地理区域特征,与分布区的自然地理因素有一定的相关性,麻楝分布区南部种子较大而北部种子较小。     

Effect of cowpea monocultures and polycultures with sorghum and greengram on predatory arthropods

Prior to implementing biological control, knowledge on availability of the possible enemies of pest(s) is important. Therefore, as part of a larger on-farm study whose main objective was to develop a farmer-friendly package for the management of cowpea pests, the diversity and abundance of insect predators within cowpea cropping systems (sole crops and intercrops) were monitored at three diverse locations in eastern Uganda. Coccinellids, syrphid larvae, spiders, Orius sp. and earwigs were observed at all locations. Abundance of Coccinellids and syrphid larvae were not influenced by the cowpea genotype nor cropping systems. Contrastingly, the abundance of predatory Orius sp., spiders and earwigs differed significantly among the cowpea cropping systems, being more common in the cowpea pure stands and cowpea + greengram than in the cowpea + sorghum intercrops.     

How to be a chaste species pluralist-realist: the origins of species modes and the synapomorphic species concept

The biological species (biospecies) concept applies only to sexually reproducing species, which means that until sexual reproduction evolved, there were no biospecies. On the universal tree of life, biospecies concepts therefore apply only to a relatively small number of clades, notably plants andanimals. I argue that it is useful to treat the various ways of being a species (species modes) as traits of clades. By extension from biospecies to the other concepts intended to capture the natural realities of what keeps taxa distinct, we can treat other modes as traits also, and so come to understand that theplurality of species concepts reflects the biological realities of monophyletic groups.We should expect that specialists in different organisms will tend to favour those concepts that best represent the intrinsic mechanisms that keep taxa distinct in their clades. I will address the question whether modes ofreproduction such as asexual and sexual reproduction are natural classes, given that they are paraphyletic in most clades.