太行山南麓坡面土壤碳氮空间变异性及其影响因素

太行山南麓是我国华北平原的重要生态屏障,研究该区域土壤养分的空间变异性对土石山区林业生态建设具有重要意义。本研究以太行山南麓典型坡面(人工林坡地和自然荒坡地)为对象,采用网格法布设采样点,运用经典统计学、地统计学和约束性排序相结合的方法对土壤养分的空间变异性进行分析。结果表明: 1)太行山南麓的土壤全碳(TC)含量为6.80～57.05 g·kg^-1,全氮(TN)含量为0.74～3.93 g·kg^-1;土壤TC、TN变异系数为25.0%～52.8%,均属于中等程度变异,该变异由随机性因素和结构性因素共同引起;养分的空间聚集性均随着滞后距的增加而下降。2)土壤养分含量从坡上到坡下均有增加的趋势,养分的高值区出现在坡下部分。3)土壤总容重、砾石含量、植被覆盖度、土壤含水量是影响太行山南麓土壤TC、TN空间变异的主要因素。4)土壤含水量是影响自然荒坡地土壤养分的主控因素,但不是影响人工林坡地的主控因素。     

不同碳氮源对花脸香蘑胞外酶活性的影响

以花脸香蘑Lepista sordida为材料,研究其分别在9种碳源和11种氮源液体培养条件下不同阶段pH值和葡萄糖浓度的变化,以及不同碳氮源对其所分泌的木质素过氧化物酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶活性的影响。结果表明,pH值在不同碳源培养后期变化显著（P<0.05）,而在不同氮源培养阶段无明显变化（P>0.05）,葡萄糖浓度和菌丝量在不同碳氮源中也无显著差异（P<0.05）。不同碳源和氮源培养基对花脸香蘑木质素过氧化物酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶活性均具有影响（P<0.05）。木糖和米糠有利于花脸香蘑分泌羧甲基纤维素酶（P<0.05）,红糖和牛肉浸膏有利于其分泌漆酶（P<0.05）,白砂糖和豆粉有利于其分泌锰过氧化物酶（P<0.05）,木糖和尿素有利于其分泌木质素过氧化物酶（P<0.05）。本研究为选择合适培养基以提高花脸香蘑生物转化效率提供了理论基础。     

Multiomics metabolic and epigenetics regulatory network in cancer: A systems biology perspective

Genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic alterations are all hallmarks of cancer. However, the epigenome and metabolome are both highly complex and dynamic biological networks in vivo. The interplay between the epigenome and metabolome contributes to a biological system that is responsive to the tumor microenvironment and possesses a wealth of unknown biomarkers and targets of cancer therapy. From this perspective, we first review the state of high-throughput biological data acquisition(i.e. multiomics data)and analysis(i.e. computational tools) and then propose a conceptual in silico metabolic and epigenetic regulatory network(MER-Net) that is based on these current high-throughput methods. The conceptual MER-Net is aimed at linking metabolomic and epigenomic networks through observation of biological processes, omics data acquisition, analysis of network information, and integration with validated database knowledge. Thus, MER-Net could be used to reveal new potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets using deep learning models to integrate and analyze large multiomics networks. We propose that MER-Net can serve as a tool to guide integrated metabolomics and epigenomics research or can be modified to answer other complex biological and clinical questions using multiomics data.     

Responses of soil labile organic carbon and water-stable aggregates to reforestation in southern subtropical China

中国南亚热带土壤易分解有机碳和水稳性团聚体对造林的响应 造林被认为可以提高土壤碳稳定性并促进土壤碳累积。然而,实验结果差异很大,造林在提高土壤碳稳定性方面的作用仍存在争议。因此,在森林生态系统中不同土壤碳库对造林如何响应目前尚不清楚。基于此,本文对亚热带地区的尾叶桉林(Eucalyptus urophylla)、厚荚相思林(Acacia crassicarpa)、 红锥林(Castanopsis hystrix)、10树种混交林和自然恢复草坡等5种不同林型的土壤碳组分进行了研究,评估其不同土层(0–10、10–20、20–40 和40–60 cm)中的土壤易分解有机碳(容易被高锰酸钾氧化的有机碳ROC和土壤可溶性有机碳DOC)及土壤团聚体相关的碳对造林的响应。实验结果表明,造林(与自然恢复草坡比较)和林型并没有显著影响土壤ROC浓度,而自然恢复草坡土壤的DOC浓度在4个土层中均最高。0–10 cm土层中各径级的土壤团聚体其碳(C)浓度均是红锥林最高。此外,在任一土层中,林型对不同径级土壤水稳性团聚体比例的影响均不显著。但是土壤深度显著改变土壤团聚体的分布,0–20 cm土层主要为>0.25 mm粒径的团聚体,20–60 cm土层则是0.053–2 mm粒径的团聚体占主导。这些结果显示造林和林型影响土壤DOC 和团聚体C,而且它们相比于ROC对造林的响应更为敏感。研究发现,与自然恢复相比,人工林降低了土壤DOC浓度,暗示它可能会减少土壤C的淋溶损失。此外,红锥林能够通过物理保护提高表土层中土壤碳的稳定性。本研究为关注土壤碳汇功能时的中国南亚热带地区造林树种选择提供了有价值的信息。     

Experimental warming shifts coupling of carbon and nitrogen cycles in an alpine meadow

增温对高寒草甸生态系统碳氮循环耦合关系的影响 陆地生态系统碳吸收受土壤氮素可用性的调节。然而,全球变化背景下的不同生态系统组分的碳氮比及其所反映的碳氮循环耦合关系尚不十分清楚。本文运用数据同化的方法,将一个高寒草甸增温试验的14组数据同化到草地生态系统模型中,从而评估了增温如何影响陆地生态系统的碳氮循环耦合关系。研究结果表明,增温提高了土壤氮素的有效性,降低了土壤活性碳库的碳氮比,导致植物对土壤氮的吸收增加。但是由于植物叶片吸收的碳比吸收的氮增加更多,使得叶片中碳氮比增加,而根部的碳输入增加则低于氮的增加,导致根部的碳氮比减少。同时,增温降低了凋落物碳氮比,可能是在土壤高氮有效性的条件下,凋落物氮的固定得到增强;而且增温加速了凋落物的分解。同时增温还增加了慢速土壤有机质的碳氮比,使得该土壤碳库的碳固存潜力增大。由于大多数模型在不同的环境中通常使用相对固定的碳氮比,本研究所发现的气候变暖条件下碳氮比的差异变化可为模型参数化提供一个有效的参考,有利于模型对未来气候变化背景下生态系统碳氮耦合关系响应的预测。     

Effects of pulse precipitation on soil organic matter mineralization in forests: spatial variation and controlling factors

脉冲降水对森林中土壤有机物矿化的影响：空间变化和控制因素 降水脉冲效应使土壤有机物在短时间内迅速分解并释放大量CO₂到大气中。降水脉冲效应对生态系统的碳循环和土壤碳平衡的研究具有十分重要的意义,但它在森林土壤中的空间变化和基本机制仍不清楚。我们采集中国东部22个典型森林生态系统的土壤样品(0–10cm),研究模拟脉冲降水对土壤微生物呼吸速率的影响。模拟降水脉冲使土壤样品达到65%饱和含水量,以分钟为单位测量R_s,持续48 小时。研究结果显示,降水脉冲可以使微生物呼吸速率迅速增加1.70–38.12倍。微生物最大呼吸速率 (R_s-soil-max)、碳释放总量R_s (A_Rs-soil)和达到呼吸峰值的时间(T_Rs-soil-max)在不同的土壤中存在显著差异。此外,不同 气候区的脉冲效应也有明显不同。中温带的R_s-soil-max (11.701 µg C g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹)和A_Rs-soil (300.712 µg C g⁻¹ soil)最高。土壤化学特性(总碳和总氮、pH值和氧化还原电位)和土壤粒径与森林土壤的脉冲效应密切相关,但土壤微生物的贡献较小。我们的研究结果表明,在大尺度范围内,脉冲变化短期内增加森林土壤中CO₂的排放,并揭示了对这种变化影响最大的因素。这些发现为未来对森林生态系统的碳循环和调节全球生态系统碳循环的研究提供科学数据支持。     

Analysis of methylparaben in cosmetics based on a chemiluminescence H2O2−NaIO4−CNQDs system

In this article, a simple, effective chemiluminescence (CL) method for the detection of methylparaben (MP) in cosmetic samples was developed based on an IO₄^?–H₂O₂–carbon nitrogen quantum dots (CNQDs) system without a separation process. The results indicated that the redox reaction between periodate and hydrogen peroxide released hydroxide radicals and superoxide radical anions in the presence of bicarbonate. These two radicals were responsible for the formation of excited luminophor CNQD* with a maximum wavelength at 480 nm. Due to the competitive reaction with hydroxide radicals, CL intensity was markedly diminished in the presence of MP. The relative standard deviation in the intraday assay was below 5.5% (n = 9), and the detection limit was as low as 0.50 μmol/L. The proposed method allowed for the successful, selective determination of MP in cosmetics.     

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Allium ursinum: Impact of Temperature and Pressure on the Extracts Chemical Profile

The aim of this study was to extract Allium ursinum L. for the first time by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO₂) as green sustainable method. The impact of temperature in the range from 40 to 60 °C and pressure between 150 and 400 bar on the quality of the obtained extracts and efficiency of the extraction was investigated. The highest extraction yield (3.43 %) was achieved by applying the extraction conditions of 400 bar and 60 °C. The analysis of the extracts was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The most dominant sulfur-containing constituent of the extracts was allyl methyl trisulfide with the highest abundance at 350 bar and 50 °C. In addition, the presence of other pharmacologically potent sulfur compounds was recorded including S-methyl methanethiosulfinate, diallyl trisulfide, S-methyl methylthiosulfonate, and dimethyl trisulfide. Multivariate data analysis tool was utilized to investigate distributions of the identified compounds among the extracts obtained under various extraction conditions and yields. It was determined that the SC−CO₂ extraction can by efficiently used for A. ursinum.     

Sixteen hundred years of increasing tree cover prior to modern deforestation in Southern Amazon and Central Brazilian savannas

Tropical ecosystems are under increasing pressure from land‐use change and deforestation. Changes in tropical forest cover are expected to affect carbon and water cycling with important implications for climatic stability at global scales. A major roadblock for predicting how tropical deforestation affects climate is the lack of baseline conditions (i.e., prior to human disturbance) of forest–savanna dynamics. To address this limitation, we developed a long‐term analysis of forest and savanna distribution across the Amazon–Cerrado transition of central Brazil. We used soil organic carbon isotope ratios as a proxy for changes in woody vegetation cover over time in response to fluctuations in precipitation inferred from speleothem oxygen and strontium stable isotope records. Based on stable isotope signatures and radiocarbon activity of organic matter in soil profiles, we quantified the magnitude and direction of changes in forest and savanna ecosystem cover. Using changes in tree cover measured in 83 different locations for forests and savannas, we developed interpolation maps to assess the coherence of regional changes in vegetation. Our analysis reveals a broad pattern of woody vegetation expansion into savannas and densification within forests and savannas for at least the past ~1,600 years. The rates of vegetation change varied significantly among sampling locations possibly due to variation in local environmental factors that constrain primary productivity. The few instances in which tree cover declined (7.7% of all sampled profiles) were associated with savannas under dry conditions. Our results suggest a regional increase in moisture and expansion of woody vegetation prior to modern deforestation, which could help inform conservation and management efforts for climate change mitigation. We discuss the possible mechanisms driving forest expansion and densification of savannas directly (i.e., increasing precipitation) and indirectly (e.g., decreasing disturbance) and suggest future research directions that have the potential to improve climate and ecosystem models.     

亚热带6个典型树种吸收细根寿命与形态属性格局

根周转是地下生态过程的主要驱动力, 根属性指征了物种生态策略, 根寿命与属性是理解生态系统碳氮循环和群落多样性的关键。目前对亚热带常绿阔叶林根周转等生态过程的直接观测资料缺乏。该研究对中亚热带江西樟树试验林场6个树种吸收细根动态进行了2年观测, 获取了2.8万张微根管照片, 分析了吸收细根寿命年际和季节变化特征及其与根形态属性的关系。结果显示: 1)亚热带6个树种间吸收细根寿命变异为4.6倍, 变异系数可达73%。中值寿命排序为: 红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana)(426天) >复羽叶栾树( Koelreuteria bipinnata)(155天) >竹柏( Nageia nagi)(145天) >樟( Cinnamomum camphora)(126天) >东京樱花( Cerasus yedoensis)(93天) >深山含笑( Michelia maudiae)(92天); 2)树木吸收细根寿命年际、季节变异较大, 可能是适应伏秋旱、雨热不同期、年际变化大的亚热带季风气候的结果; 3)吸收细根寿命与直径呈显著正相关关系, 与比根长呈显著负相关关系, 表明根的构建成本可以在一定程度上预测寿命。这些结果为预测亚热带地下生态过程、揭示亚热带常绿阔叶林碳氮循环、物种共存机制提供依据。