丹参内生拮抗细菌DS-R5对丹参根际和根表土壤细菌群落结构的影响CSCD

目的 探究生防细菌DS-R5施入丹参植株后根际和根表土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化。方法 向丹参植株根部施入生防细菌DS-R5,以未施用细菌为对照组,分别采集根际和根表土壤样品提取总DNA,扩增样品总DNA的V3-V4区,采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对PCR扩增产物进行双端测序分析,利用生物信息学分析解析丹参植株根际土壤和根表土壤细菌群落结构组成及多样性。结果 菌株DS-R5处理后增加了根际土壤细菌群落的多样性和丰度,降低了根表土壤细菌群落的多样性和丰度;高通量测序得到的根际和根表土壤的有效序列数量和OTU数量相比对照组均有所下降,根际土壤处理样品中微生物种类最丰富,根表土壤处理样品中微生物种类最少,根际土壤处理样品与根际土壤对照物种种类更接近;在门水平上,根际土壤处理样品相比对照变形菌门丰度下降,酸杆菌门丰度升高,根表土壤处理样品相比对照变形菌门和酸杆菌门丰度均升高,放线菌门丰度降低;在属水平上,根际土壤处理样品中鞘氨醇单胞菌属、芽胞杆菌属、慢生根瘤菌属相比根际土壤对照占比均有升高,根表土壤处理样品相比对照黄杆菌属和伯克菌属丰度下降,而土壤中的优势菌属根瘤菌属和芽胞杆菌属丰度升高。结论 丹参植株施用生防细菌DS-R5后,改变了根际土壤和根表土壤中微生物群落结构和多样性。     

松材线虫的天然毒素研究进展

概述了松材线虫病的现行防治措施及存在问题,介绍了植物源和真菌源天然毒素毒杀松材线虫的研究现状及研究中遇到的问题,指出天然毒素在未来松材线虫病生物防治中的研究方向。     

黄瓜枯萎病生防菌HD-087产抗菌物质条件的 优化及抑菌作用初探

【目的】优化比基尼链霉菌HD-087摇瓶发酵条件,提高菌株发酵液对黄瓜枯萎病菌HU-M的抑制率,并通过拮抗试验初步评价发酵液的抑菌作用效果。【方法】采用单因素筛选及正交试验对HD-087的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化。经发酵液处理后,光学显微镜观察HU-M菌丝形态和孢子萌发抑制率,测定HU-M菌丝电导率。【结果】改进的发酵培养基配方为:淀粉1.00%、黄豆粉0.80%、酵母粉0.12%、CaCO30.40%。对发酵条件的研究表明:pH为6.8,180 r/min、28°C条件下,250 mL三角瓶装液量为40 mL,接种1 mL种龄为2 d的种子,发酵5 d为最佳培养条件。抑菌结果表明,HD-087产抗菌物质能造成病原菌HU-M菌丝细胞质渗漏,菌丝畸形,分生孢子萌发受抑制,5倍发酵稀释液孢子抑制率达72.1%;除此之外还能引起菌丝电解质渗漏,造成菌丝细胞膜受损。【结论】优化后的摇瓶发酵条件能提高生防菌HD-087发酵液抑菌效果,并且发酵液可破坏细胞膜明显抑制病原菌HU-M生长,具有较大开发应用潜力。     

一株北里孢菌株的分离鉴定及其对松材线虫的致病性

【目的】筛选、鉴定出对松材线虫杀灭活性较高的放线菌菌株,并确定生防菌株的毒力因子。【方法】采用平板活性测试及代谢杀虫活性检测方法进行筛选,采用形态学及16S rDNA序列分析等进行鉴定。对发酵液中的活性物质稳定性分析后,利用醇沉、萃取、层析、气相色谱/质谱分析等方法分离纯化出杀虫毒力因子。【结果】从河南南阳宝天曼的腐木及枯枝落叶样品中共分离获得了79株放线菌,从中筛选出对松材线虫有灭活作用的放线菌6株,其中分离株C620菌株对松材线虫的灭活性最高:该菌株的发酵液处理松材线虫48、60 h后线虫的死亡率分别达到60.0%、81.5%。结合该菌株的形态学、生理学特征及16S rDNA序列分析等结果将其归为北里孢菌属中的一个种,菌株编号Kitasatospora sp.strain C620。该菌株的发酵液中杀线虫活性物质的热稳定性、光稳定性及耐储藏性均较强,在中性偏碱性环境较稳定;经pH纸电泳层析初步确定该物质属于碱性水溶性物质。对菌株C620发酵液分离纯化,得到活性化合物为1-苯基-3-(2-吡啶)-5-吡唑啉酮。【结论】获得一株松材线虫高效生防菌Kitasatospora sp.strain C620,其活性物质为1-苯基-3-(2-吡啶)-5-吡唑啉酮。     

枯草芽孢杆菌作为生防制剂在农业上的应用

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)是在自然环境中广泛存在的革兰氏阳性、能形成芽胞的非病原微生物,该菌先后被美国FDA (U.S.Food and Drug Administration,美国食品药品管理局)和我国农业部列为对人畜安全的微生物,已作为益生菌和生物防治剂产品广泛应用在医药、畜牧、水产及农作物种植等领域[1-2].本刊于2011年第9期刊登了叶云峰、黎起秦等的文章“枯草芽孢杆菌B47菌株高产抗菌物质的培养基及发酵条件优化”[3].     

响应面法优化灰霉病生防菌CNY-04培养条件

【目的】通过优化生防菌CNY-04的培养条件,提高其对灰霉病菌的抑菌效果。【方法】在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面法(Response surface methodology)对灰霉病生防菌CNY-04培养条件进行整体优化,并测其生长曲线。【结果】生防菌CNY-04最优培养条件为牛肉膏0.5%、蛋白胨2.0%、酵母膏0.1%、葡萄糖0.5%、时间48 h、接种量4%、温度32°C、pH 8.0、装液量75 mL/250 mL和转速150 r/min,在此培养条件下生防菌CNY-04的OD600为2.907,与模型预测值相符,对灰葡萄孢菌的抑菌圈直径为44.5 mm,较优化前提高了30.9%。【结论】从整体上确定了生防菌CNY-04的最优培养条件,为该菌扩大化生产提供理论基础。     

Occurrence of fleshy fungi from agricultural fields

Thirteen species of fleshy fungi were identified from two agricultural fields during the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons at the Rural Development Center (RDC) and Horticulture Farm, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia. The three most common fungi wereCoprinus plicatilis, Cyathus olla, andPanaeolina foenisecii. At the former site, residue management practices were established for evaluating crop production and at the Horticulture Farm different crops were grown with conservation tillage employing a Low Input Sustainable Vegetable Production system. Tillage treatments at the RDC were no-till, row-till, ridge-plant, and moldboard-plowing. Residue management of triticale included burning or cutting the stubble at a height of 20 or 60 cm at harvest. At the Horticulture Farm, seven winter cover crops were compared to a fallow control. No significant differences were shown between observations of fungal species and individual treatments at the Horticulture Farm during 1989 and 1990. However, there were treatment differences for observed fungi at the RDC farm on specific dates for both years. Furthermore, no individual treatment(s) during the investigation increased observation rates of specific fungal species. Non-burned debris treatments showed consistently higher populations and diversity of fungi than burn debris plots.     

Interactions between killer yeasts and pathogenic fungi

Abstract A total of 17 presumptive killer yeast strains were tested in vitro for growth inhibitory and killing activity against a range of fungal pathogens of agronomic, environmental and clinical significance. Several yeasts were identified which displayed significant activity against important pathogenic fungi. For example, isolates of the opportunistic human pathogen, Candida albicans , were generally very sensitive to Williopsis mrakii killer yeast activity, whilst killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia anomala markedly inhibited the growth of certain wood decay basidiomycetes and plant pathogenic fungi. Results indicate that such yeasts, together with their killer toxins, may have potential as novel antimycotic biocontrol agents.     

Root cap influences root colonisation by Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 on maize

We investigated the influence of root border cells on the colonisation of seedling Zea mays roots by Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 in sandy loam soil packed at two dry bulk densities. Numbers of colony forming units (CFU) were counted on sequential sections of root for intact and decapped inoculated roots grown in loose (1.0 mg m(-3)) and compacted (1.3 mg m(-3)) soil. After two days of root growth, the numbers of P. fluorescens (CFU cm(-1)) were highest on the section of root just below the seed with progressively fewer bacteria near the tip, irrespective of density. The decapped roots had significantly more colonies of P. fluorescens at the tip compared with the intact roots: approximately 100-fold more in the loose and 30-fold more in the compact soil. In addition, confocal images of the root tips grown in agar showed that P. fluorescens could only be detected on the tips of the decapped roots. These results indicated that border cells, and their associated mucilage, prevented complete colonization of the root tip by the biocontrol agent P. fluorescens, possibly by acting as a disposable surface or sheath around the cap.     

Evaluation of fluorescent Pseudomonads and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> isolates for the biocontrol of a wilt disease complex of pigeonpea

Summary Twenty isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads and Bacillus spp. were obtained from pathogen suppressive soil of a pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) field showing wilt disease complex. These isolates were evaluated in the laboratory and screen-house for the biocontrol of wilt disease complex. Six isolates were considered to have potential for the biocontrol of the disease on the basis of antibiotic sensitivity, antifungal activity, fluorescence produced by Pseudomonas, inhibitory effect on the hatching and penetration of nematodes and colonization of pigeonpea roots by these isolates. These isolates will be further tested for their biocontrol of wilt disease complex of pigeonpea under field conditions.