双歧杆菌对母乳低聚糖利用的研究进展

母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)是一类存在于人乳中复杂的混合低聚糖,是母乳中的重要成分,在婴幼儿生长发育中起到重要作用。母乳低聚糖可作为影响肠道微生物群组成的益生元,可选择性地促进母乳喂养婴儿肠道双歧杆菌的生长。婴儿肠道内相关的双歧杆菌具有糖苷酶和转运蛋白等分子工具,使其能够代谢HMOs,且代谢过程具有菌株特异性。本文对2′ 岩藻糖基乳糖、3′ 岩藻糖基乳糖、3′ 唾液酸乳糖、6′ 唾液酸乳糖、乳糖 N 四糖、乳糖 N 新四糖等常见HMOs的结构和特点进行总结,并讨论不同双歧杆菌对不同HMOs的利用特点和机制,为开发针对不同双歧杆菌的特异性益生元提供相应的理论指导。     

青春双歧杆菌酸奶临床疗效的研究

本文报告了青春双歧杆菌酸奶对腹泻病儿的临床疗效,共有62例,随机分为两组,观察组32例,对照组30例。结果证明,3天治愈率观察组为90.6％,对照组为70％,经统计学处理有显著差异(P<0.05),本文研究证实,双歧杆菌酸奶对非感染性及感染性腹泻均有疗效,且可避免应用抗生素的副作用。另外,这种酸奶营养丰富,食用方便,可作为婴儿、老年人保健食品推广应用。     

党参多糖对双歧杆菌和大肠埃希菌体外生长的影响

目的探讨党参多糖体外对双歧杆菌和大肠埃希菌生长的影响。方法每隔12 h采用分光光度法测600 nm细菌培养液A值,气相色谱法测培养48 h后的双歧杆菌培养液中乙酸含量。结果党参多糖体外对大肠埃希菌没有促进或抑制生长的作用,对双歧杆菌有促进生长的作用,在中药作用下,双歧杆菌代谢的乙酸含量与其数量呈正相关关系。结论党参多糖能够通过促进双歧杆菌的生长,从而增加乙酸的代谢,增强双歧杆菌的定植抗力,对肠道一些致病菌发挥生物拮抗作用。     

Molecular properties and prebiotic effect of inulin obtained from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)

A high molecular weight inulin has been prepared from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) agroindustrial wastes using environmentally benign aqueous extraction procedures. Physico-chemical analysis of the properties of artichoke inulin was carried out. Its average degree of polymerization was 46, which is higher than for Jerusalem artichoke, chicory, and dahlia inulins. GC-MS confirmed that the main constituent monosaccharide in artichoke inulin was fructose and its degradation by inulinase indicated that it contained the expected beta-2,1-fructan bonds. The FT-IR spectrum was identical to that of chicory inulin. These data indicate that artichoke inulin will be suitable for use in a wide range of food applications. The health-promoting prebiotic effects of artichoke inulin were demonstrated in an extensive microbiological study showing a long lasting bifidogenic effect on Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521 cultures and also in mixed cultures of colonic bacteria.     

复方双歧杆菌豆奶治疗小儿腹泻

饮用复方双歧杆菌豆奶治疗小儿腹泻30例,与对照组常规治疗进行比较,结果提示,用复方双歧杆菌豆奶治疗小儿腹泻疗效优于常规治疗组,有效率97％,平均疗程2.7天;而常规治疗组有效率63％.平均疗程4.9天,表明复方双歧杆菌豆奶治疗小儿腹泻是一种较为理想的疗法。     

Quantification of anammox populations enriched in an immobilized microbial consortium with low levels of ammonium nitrogen and at low temperature

The prebiotic effect of a pectic oligosaccharide-rich extract enzymatically derived from bergamot peel was studied using pure and mixed cultures of human faecal bacteria. This was compared to the prebiotic effect of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Individual species of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli responded positively to the addition of the bergamot extract, which contained oligosaccharides in the range of three to seven. Fermentation studies were also carried out in controlled pH batch mixed human faecal cultures and changes in gut bacterial groups were monitored over 24 h by fluorescent in situ hybridisation, a culture-independent microbial assessment. Addition of the bergamot oligosaccharides (BOS) resulted in a high increase in the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, whereas the clostridial population decreased. A prebiotic index (PI) was calculated for both FOS and BOS after 10 and 24 h incubation. Generally, higher PI scores were obtained after 10 h incubation, with BOS showing a greater value (6.90) than FOS (6.12).     

Human gut microbiota and bifidobacteria: from composition to functionality

The human gut is the home of an estimated 10(18) bacterial cells, many of which are uncharacterized or unculturable. Novel culture-independent approaches have revealed that the majority of the human gut microbiota consists of members of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Nevertheless the role of bifidobacteria in gut ecology illustrates the importance of Actinomycetes and other Actinobacteria that may be underestimated. The human gut microbiota represents an extremely complex microbial community the collective genome of which, the microbiome, encodes functions that are believed to have a significant impact on human physiology. The microbiome is assumed to significantly enhance the metabolism of amino and glycan acids, the turnover of xenobiotics, methanogenesis and the biosynthesis of vitamins. Co-colonisation of the gut commensals Bifidobacterium longum and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in a murine model system revealed that the presence of bifidobacteria induced an expansion in the diversity of polysaccharides targeted for degradation by Bacteroides and also induced host genes involved in innate immunity. In addition, comparative analysis of individual human gut microbiomes has revealed various strategies that the microbiota use to adapt to the intestinal environment while also pointing to the existence of a distinct infant and adult-type microbiota.     

肠道益生菌体外抑菌活性的研究

以6种常见肠道致病菌作为指示菌,研究了来自健康青年和儿童肠道的25株益生菌发酵浓缩液的体外抑菌效果.进一步研究了抑菌作用良好的LMa1和LMa3经pH调节、热处理、蛋白酶处理以及发酵过程中的抑菌活性变化.短链有机酸作为发酵终产物的主要成分之一,其抑菌效果也被测定.结果表明,抑菌物质包括短链有机酸（主要为乙酸和乳酸）和一类对热稳定、对部分蛋白酶敏感的物质,可能是某种细菌素.低pH是表现抑菌活性的必要条件,但仅有低pH（如低pH缓冲液）并无明显抑菌效果.     

Comparative analysis of four <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-galactosidases from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bifidobacterium bifidum</Emphasis> NCIMB41171: purification and biochemical characterisation

Four different β-galactosidases (previously named BbgI, BbgII, BbgIII and BbgIV) from Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB41171 were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity and their biochemical properties and substrate preferences comparatively analysed. BbgI was forming a hexameric protein complex of 875 kDa, whereas BbgII, BbgIII and BbgIV were dimers with native molecular masses of 178, 351 and 248 kDa, respectively. BbgII was the only enzyme that preferred acidic conditions for optimal activity (pH 5.4–5.8), whereas the other three exhibited optima in more neutral pH ranges (pH 6.4–6.8). Na⁺ and/or K⁺ ions were prerequisite for BbgI and BbgIV activity in Bis–Tris-buffered solutions, whereas Mg⁺⁺ was strongly activating them in phosphate-buffered solutions. BbgII and BbgIII were slightly influenced from the presence or absence of cations, with Mg⁺⁺, Mn⁺⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ ions exerting the most positive effect. Determination of the specificity constants (k _cat/K _m) clearly indicated that BbgI (6.11 × 10⁴ s⁻¹ M⁻¹), BbgIII (2.36 × 10⁴ s⁻¹ M⁻¹) and especially BbgIV (4.01 × 10⁵ s⁻¹ M⁻¹) are highly specialised in the hydrolysis of lactose, whereas BbgII is more specific for β-d-(1→6) galactobiose (5.59 × 10⁴ s⁻¹ M⁻¹) than lactose (1.48 × 10³ s⁻¹ M⁻¹). Activity measurements towards other substrates (e.g. β-d-(1→6) galactobiose, β-d-(1→4) galactobiose, β-d-(1→4) galactosyllactose, N-acetyllactosamine, etc.) indicated that the β-galactosidases were complementary to each other by hydrolysing different substrates and thus contributing in a different way to the bacterial physiology.     

Crystal Structures of Phosphoketolase: THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE-DEPENDENT DEHYDRATION MECHANISM*

Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes are ubiquitously present in all organisms and catalyze essential reactions in various metabolic pathways. ThDP-dependent phosphoketolase plays key roles in the central metabolism of heterofermentative bacteria and in the pentose catabolism of various microbes. In particular, bifidobacteria, representatives of beneficial commensal bacteria, have an effective glycolytic pathway called bifid shunt in which 2.5 mol of ATP are produced per glucose. Phosphoketolase catalyzes two steps in the bifid shunt because of its dual-substrate specificity; they are phosphorolytic cleavage of fructose 6-phosphate or xylulose 5-phosphate to produce aldose phosphate, acetyl phosphate, and H₂O. The phosphoketolase reaction is different from other well studied ThDP-dependent enzymes because it involves a dehydration step. Although phosphoketolase was discovered more than 50 years ago, its three-dimensional structure remains unclear. In this study we report the crystal structures of xylulose 5-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase from Bifidobacterium breve. The structures of the two intermediates before and after dehydration (α,β-dihydroxyethyl ThDP and 2-acetyl-ThDP) and complex with inorganic phosphate give an insight into the mechanism of each step of the enzymatic reaction.