光照与温度对云杉和红桦种子萌发的影响

通过在气候箱内模拟迹地环境条件,探讨了不同温度和光照对亚高山针叶林采伐迹地关键种种子萌发的影响．结果表明,云杉和红桦种子萌发的最适温度均为25℃,发芽率分别为88．8±8．4％和30．8±10．4％,多重比较显示红桦对温度的响应比云杉更敏感．云杉在10℃时能萌发而红桦则几乎不能．红桦种子萌发所需要的最低温度比云杉的高．昼夜温差对两类种子发芽影响明显,20℃／15℃条件下两种种子萌发率最高,温差过大不利于红桦种子萌发．光照强度对种子的发芽率也有明显影响。二者在透光20％时种子发芽率最高,分别为83．2±6．6％和29．2±5．5％,云杉种子萌发对光照的响应比红桦种子更为敏感．采伐迹地强烈的光照是限制亚高山针叶林自然更新的重要因素,迹地温度升高有利于云杉和红桦种子萌发,但剧烈的昼夜温差又在一定程度上抑制了种子萌发。     

Red : far-red light ratio and UV-B radiation: their effects on leaf phenolics and growth of silver birch seedlings

The natural variation in quantity and quality of light modifies plant morphology, growth rate and concentration of biochemicals. The aim of two growth‐room experiments was to study the combined effects of red (R) and far‐red (FR) light and ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation on the concentrations of leaf phenolics and growth and morphology of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings. Analysis by high‐performance liquid chromatography showed that the leaves exposed to supplemental FR relative to R contained higher concentrations of total chlorogenic acids and a cinnamic acid derivative than the leaves treated with supplemental R relative to FR. In contrast, concentration of a flavonoid, quercetin 3‐galactoside, was higher in the R + UV‐B leaves than in the FR + UV‐B leaves. The UV‐B induced production of kaempferols, chlorogenic acids and most quercetins were not modified by the R : FR ratio. Growth measurements showed that the leaf petioles and stems of FR seedlings were clearly longer than those of R seedlings, but leaf area was reduced by UV‐B radiation. Results of these experiments show that exposure of silver birch seedlings to supplemental FR compared to R leads to fast elongation growth and accumulation of phenolic acids in the leaves.     

白桦CESA7基因启动子的克隆与表达分析

克隆得到了一个白桦纤维素合成酶基因（CESA7）GenBanK登录号（EU591531）启动子序列,通过序列分析发现该启动子含有多个不同功能的顺式作用元件,包括光响应元件、激素响应元件、叶片形态发育元件等,推测该启动子在白桦生长发育过程中具有关键作用。将BpCESA7启动子克隆至带有GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,命名为proBpCESA7-121-GUS,并利用农杆菌介导方法侵染白桦和拟南芥,然后通过GUS组织化学染色观察BpCESA7基因启动子的组织表达特性。结果在白桦的根、茎、叶和拟南芥的根,叶,萼片、雌蕊中检测到了GUS活性,说明BpCESA7基因启动子具有启动子活性,并且在白桦的根和叶中染色最深,表明BpCESA7基因在白桦根和叶中表达量较高,并且其存在组织表达特异性。     

北京西北部山地两个垂直样带内主要植被类型的群落特征

样方数据是揭示植物群落物种组成和结构等群落特征的重要凭证,也是深入研究植物群落动态变化规律和植被志等植被专著编研的重要基础数据.前人对北京山地植物群落的研究工作多停留在文字描述阶段,缺乏附配翔实样方数据的凭证描述(任宪威等,1991;崔国发等,2000).仅有文字描述的文献限制了植物群落学研究成果在植被专著编研和群落动态研究中的应用.北京市喇叭沟门自然保护区和松山自然保护区是北京市自然植被保护最完好和生物多样性最丰富的两个地区,具有重要的生态屏障作用.量化描述这两个保护区内主要植物群落的组成和结构特征,对揭示北京乃至华北地区的植被特征、服务于生物多样性保育与管理等具有重要意义.我们在这两个自然保护区内设置了两条垂直样带,调查了样带中的主要植被类型,以样方数据为凭证,描述了主要植被类型的群落特征,为该地区植被研究提供基础数据.     

温度对棉纤维糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

以棉纤维比强度高的科棉1号和中等强度的美棉33B 2个基因型棉花品种为材料,于2005年在江苏南京(长江流域下游棉区)和徐州(黄河流域黄淮棉区)设置不同播期(4月25日和5月25日)试验,研究了不同温度下棉纤维发育过程中蔗糖酶、蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等糖代谢相关酶活性的动态变化特征及其与纤维长度和比强度形成的关系.结果表明：棉纤维伸长发育期,蔗糖酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性较高;纤维加厚发育期,蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性上升速度快、活性高,蔗糖酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性下降速度快.纤维伸长期,蔗糖酶活性升高对纤维的伸长具有明显促进作用;纤维加厚发育期,提高蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性及加快蔗糖酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性下降速度有利于提高纤维比强度.科棉1号前期蔗糖酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性及中后期蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性均较美棉33B高.在本试验条件下,23.3 ℃是高强纤维形成的适宜温度,23.3 ℃～25.5 ℃是纤维长度形成的适宜温度.     

1962—2007年北京地区木本植物秋季物候动态

根据中国物候观测网络北京观测站点的物候资料及气候资料,分析了1962—2007年北京地区20种主要木本植物秋季物候对气候变化的响应情况.结果表明：1962—2007年间,北京地区秋季物候开始日期基本保持不变,但结束日期有所推迟,推迟的幅度为3.2 d·10 a^-1,导致该区秋季延长了约14 d;研究期间,北京地区木本植物秋季叶始变色期均表现为推迟趋势,平均推迟幅度为4.9 d·10 a^-1;平均最低气温是影响北京地区木本植物叶始变色期早晚的主要气候因子.气候增暖可能是导致近40年北京地区木本植物秋季物候期推迟的主要原因.     

大气二氧化碳浓度与温度升高对红桦幼苗养分积累和分配的影响

利用封闭式生长室,研究了CO2浓度升高(环境CO2 350 μmol·mol-1,EC)、温度升高(环境温度 2 ℃,ET)以及二者同时升高(ECT)对川西亚高山红桦幼苗养分积累和分配的影响.结果表明:经过一个生长季, EC处理下红桦幼苗单株N、P、K积累比对照分别增加44%、45%和11%(P《0.05),ET处理下分别增加37%、76%和9%(P《0.05),ECT处理下分别增加24%、88%和20% (P《0.05).EC处理使N向红桦幼苗叶中分配的比例降低11.68%(P《0.05),向枝、茎、根中分配的比例分别增加2.95%、3.39%和5.34%(P》0.05);ET处理使N向叶中分配的比例增加11.09%(P《0.05),向枝、茎、根中分配的比例分别降低0.69%、10.35%和0.05%(P》0.05).ECT处理下N的分配格局与EC处理相似.3种处理下P和K在红桦幼苗中的分配变化差异较大,CO2浓度和温度升高可能促进植物养分的积累,改变养分在植物各器官间的分配.     

Remote Probing of Plant Photosynthetic Apparatus by Measuring Laser-Induced Fluorescence

Laser-induced fluorescence of birch, pine, and aspen trees was studied. The fluorescence of birch leaves, excited with a Xe–Cl laser at a wavelength of 308 nm, was measured under laboratory conditions. A persistent directly proportional dependence was found between the measured fluorescence signals and the chlorophyll content. An apparatus for measuring laser-induced fluorescence under field conditions was designed. Deciduous trees were found to have a wider range of fluorescence variability when compared to conifers, with the fluorescence intensity increasing in the leaves of deciduous trees before the autumn fall of leaves, during leaf yellowing. It is concluded that the method of lidar probing can be used for identifying tree species and assessing the condition of leaf and needle canopies.     

Site-dependent N uptake from N-form mixtures by arctic plants,soil microbes and ectomycorrhizal fungi

Soil microbes constitute an important control on nitrogen (N) turnover and retention in arctic ecosystems where N availability is the main constraint on primary production. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses may facilitate plant competition for the specific N pools available in various arctic ecosystems. We report here our study on the N uptake patterns of coexisting plants and microbes at two tundra sites with contrasting dominance of the circumpolar ECM shrub Betula nana. We added equimolar mixtures of glycine-N, NH₄⁺–N and NO₃⁻–N, with one N form labelled with ¹⁵N at a time, and in the case of glycine, also labelled with ¹³C, either directly to the soil or to ECM fungal ingrowth bags. After 2 days, the vegetation contained 5.6, 7.7 and 9.1% (heath tundra) and 7.1, 14.3 and 12.5% (shrub tundra) of the glycine-, NH₄⁺- and NO₃⁻–¹⁵N, respectively, recovered in the plant–soil system, and the major part of ¹⁵N in the soil was immobilized by microbes (chloroform fumigation-extraction). In the subsequent 24 days, microbial N turnover transferred about half of the immobilized ¹⁵N to the non-extractable soil organic N pool, demonstrating that soil microbes played a major role in N turnover and retention in both tundra types. The ECM mycelial communities at the two tundras differed in N-form preferences, with a higher contribution of glycine to total N uptake at the heath tundra; however, the ECM mycelial communities at both sites strongly discriminated against NO₃⁻. Betula nana did not directly reflect ECM mycelial N uptake, and we conclude that N uptake by ECM plants is modulated by the N uptake patterns of both fungal and plant components of the symbiosis and by competitive interactions in the soil. Our field study furthermore showed that intact free amino acids are potentially important N sources for arctic ECM fungi and plants as well as for soil microorganisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effects of host-plant shift on immune and other key life-history traits of an eruptive Geometrid, Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen)

Abstract.  1. Population density of Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) reaches outbreak densities regularly in northernmost Scandinavia. During these outbreak years, the most abundant host species, the mountain birch ( Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii ), is regularly exhausted, although larvae may rescue themselves from starvation by using alternative host species.
2. In this paper, the effects of the shift of host species on the immune defence and other life-history traits of E. autumnata were investigated, and possible consequences for population dynamics were briefly discussed. Moth larvae were reared on the leaves of the main host, mountain birch, until larvae reached their third instar. After this, larvae were allocated randomly to five treatments: larvae were either allowed to finish larval stage on the mountain birch or were shifted onto four alternative host species that are typical species for the area.
3. As expected, the host species had a major effect on fitness traits: body weight, development, and survival rate of the moths. The pupal weight was lower and development rates slower on the three alternative host species, Salix myrsinifolia Salisb., Vaccinium uliginosum L., and Betula nana L., than on the main host, mountain birch.
4. The immunity was, however, the same or better on the alternative hosts than on the main host. The immunity and pupal weights were negatively related, suggesting a trade-off between body size and immunocompetence.
5. The decreased body size and fecundity of E. autumnata during outbreak years may be partly due to the shift to alternative host species whereas the host-plant species probably does not affect markedly the rate of parasitism.