陆地生物地球化学模型的应用和发展

以TEM和DNDC模型为例,在分析国外生物地球化学模型发展基础上,按照模拟方法,应用目的,元素类型,生态系统类型和空间尺度等对现有的生物地球化学模型进行了分类,对生物地球化学模型的基本框架（植物,大气和土壤3个组分及植物－大气,植物－土壤和土壤－大气界面等3个界面）,以及内部基本过程（物理的,化学的和生物的过程）进行了总结分析,对目前生物地球化学模型建立中的几个问题（如跨尺度问题,地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感技术结合,考虑人类活动的影响和生物地球化学模型的比较研究）的研究动态进行了评价。     

中国内陆湿地生态系统服务价值评估——以71个湿地案例点为数据源

湿地生态系统为人类生存和发展提供了多种服务功能,不仅包括水资源、水产品等直接输出功能,还包括调蓄洪水、净化水质、调节大气成分等调节服务功能和文化服务功能。通过对已经发表湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价相关的文献进行搜集和整理,得到全国71个湿地案例点的价值评价数据,在此基础上对湿地生态系统各项服务功能在全国各区域的生态系统价值量进行对比分析。全国湿地价值评价结果显示,按照各项服务功能按照价值量高低排序依次为调节气候调蓄洪水涵养水源净化水质保持土壤产品输出固碳释氧生物栖息地旅游休闲科研教育。在对全国湿地进行分区分析得知,东北平原及山区、东部地区和青藏高原地区在各项调节、供给服务功能方面发挥着显著的积极作用,这3个区域同时也是我国湿地的密集分布区。结合不同地理分区下的湿地生态系统服务功能价值量特点,可以实现区域发展与湿地生态环境研究的协同发展,并能够为湿地的保护和建设起到科学、合理的参考方案。     

人类活动对北京空气质量影响的综合生态评价

为给北京未来的空气污染控制政策的制定提供科学依据,采用基于压力-状态-响应模型框架构建的指标体系、生态服务功能估算和历史分析相结合的方法,探讨了人类活动、人工调节措施(1983~2003年)和生命支持系统生态服务功能(北京建城初~2003年)对北京城市生态系统空气质量影响的综合评价方法,结果表明:(1)人类活动对北京城市空气质量综合影响的排序结果前3位排名为2003年(0.619)、2001年(0.598)和2002年(0.578),后3位排名为1983年(0.392)、1984年(0.395)和1985年(0.495),综合影响总体趋向积极且稳步上升;(2)1983~2003年北京市的人类活动对北京城市空气质量消极与积极影响同时增强,城市空气质量自1998年后有所改善;(3)压力指数p与响应指数r呈极显著负相关关系,相关系数-0.995(p<0.001);(4)不同响应指数下的状态指数变化表明随着响应指数的增加,北京空气质量改善,但是在响应力度不强时其消极影响占主位;(5)1900年以前北京市人类活动对空气环境的影响很小,北京市生命支持系统的生态服务功能可以调节其影响;1975年后,北京市生命支持系统的生态服务功能显著下降,城市空气质量恶化,但随着人工调节能力的增强城市空气质量自1998年后趋于改善。     

Ecological restoration of rich fens in Europe and North America: from trial and error to an evidence‐based approach

Fens represent a large array of ecosystem services, including the highest biodiversity found among wetlands, hydrological services, water purification and carbon sequestration. Land‐use change and drainage has severely damaged or annihilated these services in many parts of North America and Europe; restoration plans are urgently needed at the landscape level. We review the major constraints on the restoration of rich fens and fen water bodies in agricultural areas in Europe and disturbed landscapes in North America: (i) habitat quality problems: drought, eutrophication, acidification, and toxicity, and (ii) recolonization problems: species pools, ecosystem fragmentation and connectivity, genetic variability, and invasive species; and here provide possible solutions. We discuss both positive and negative consequences of restoration measures, and their causes. The restoration of wetland ecosystem functioning and services has, for a long time, been based on a trial‐and‐error approach. By presenting research and practice on the restoration of rich fen ecosystems within agricultural areas, we demonstrate the importance of biogeochemical and ecological knowledge at different spatial scales for the management and restoration of biodiversity, water quality, carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, especially in a changing climate. We define target processes that enable scientists, nature managers, water managers and policy makers to choose between different measures and to predict restoration prospects for different types of deteriorated fens and their starting conditions.     

酸沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究现状及展望

酸沉降影响下物质循环及其不平衡研究;酸沉降对土壤理化性质的影响;森林水化学方面的研究;酸沉降下重金属的活化研究;酸沉降对植物生长的影响研究;酸沉降和气候变化对森林的影响;模拟酸雨对土壤理化性质和植物生长的影响;酸沉降下土壤风化问题的研究;运用模型对酸化问题的研究;森林土壤人为和自然的酸化;酸沉降临界负荷的研究;酸沉降和其它污染物对植物的联合影响;酸化土壤恢复研究等方面介绍了酸沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究现状,并阐明了今后研究的方向及应该注意的问题。     

Annual balances and extended seasonal modelling of carbon fluxes from a temperate fen cropped to festulolium and tall fescue under two‐cut and three‐cut harvesting regimes

This study reports the annual carbon balance of a drained riparian fen under two‐cut or three‐cut managements of festulolium and tall fescue. CO₂ fluxes measured with closed chambers were partitioned into gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) for modelling according to environmental factors (light and temperature) and canopy reflectance (ratio vegetation index, RVI). Methodological assessments were made of (i) GPP models with or without temperature functions (Ft) to adjust GPP constraints imposed by low temperature (<10 °C) and (ii) ER models with RVI or GPP parameters as biomass proxies. The sensitivity of the models was also tested on partial datasets including only alternate measurement campaigns and on datasets only from the crop growing period. Use of Ft in GPP models effectively corrected GPP overestimation in cold periods, and this approach was used throughout. Annual fluxes obtained with ER models including RVI or GPP parameters were similar, and also annual GPP and ER fluxes obtained with full and partial datasets were similar. Annual CO₂ fluxes and biomass yield were not significantly different in the crop/management combinations although the individual collars (n = 12) showed some variations in GPP (?1818 to ?2409 g CO₂‐C m^?2), ER (1071 to 1738 g CO₂‐C m^?2), net ecosystem exchange (NEE, ?669 to ?949 g CO₂‐C m^?2) and biomass yield (556 to 1044 g CO₂‐C m^?2). Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), as the sum of NEE and biomass carbon export, was only slightly negative to positive in all crop/management combinations. NECBs, interpreted as emission factors, tended to favour the least biomass producing systems as the best management options in relation to climate saving carbon balances. Yet, considering the down‐stream advantages of biomass for fossil fuel replacement, yield‐scaled carbon fluxes are suggested to be given additional considerations for comparison of management options in terms of atmospheric impact.     

用天然13C丰度法评估贵州茂兰喀斯特森林区玉米地土壤中有机碳的来源

当森林生态系统转变成农田生态系统时,会把C4植物有机质导入到曾在C3植被下发育的土训中去,使土壤中含有来源不同的土壤有机质,引起碳同位素组成变化。因此,可以利用碳同位素来区分土壤有机质来源,实验结果表明,耕作几十年后原森林土壤有机质的含量仍占有主要地位,来源于原始C3植被的有机碳的比例为66.7％,但容易矿化的、对植物营养有效的有机质含量较低,这与当地的耕作方式有关,需要加强对植物残留物返回土壤工作的管理。     

Nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation across an ecotonal gradient in a mangrove forest

Mangrove forests are characterized by distinctive tree-height gradientsthat reflect complex spatial, within-stand differences in environmentalfactors,including nutrient dynamics, salinity, and tidal inundation, across narrowgradients. To determine patterns of nutrient limitation and the effects ofnutrient availability on plant growth and within-stand nutrient dynamics, weused a factorial experiment with three nutrient treatment levels (control, N,P)and three zones along a tree-height gradient (fringe, transition, dwarf) onoffshore islands in Belize. Transects were laid out perpendicular to theshoreline across a mangrove forest from a fringe stand along the seaward edge,through a stand of intermediate height, into a dwarf stand in the interior ofthe island. At three sites, three trees were fertilized per zone for 2yr. Although there was spatial variability in response, growth byR. mangle was generally nitrogen (N) -limited in thefringe zone;phosphorus (P) -limited in the dwarf zone; and, N- and/or P-limited in thetransition zone. Phosphorus-resorption efficiency decreased in all three zones,and N-resorption efficiency increased in the dwarf zone in response to Penrichment. The addition of N had no effect on either P or N resorptionefficiencies. Belowground decomposition was increased by P enrichment in allzones, whereas N enrichment had no effect. This study demonstrated thatessential nutrients are not uniformly distributed within mangrove ecosystems;that soil fertility can switch from conditions of N to P limitation acrossnarrow ecotonal gradients; and, that not all ecological processes respondsimilarly to, or are limited by, the same nutrient.     

京津唐城市生态系统能值比较

运用能值(emergy)分析方法,以京津冀地区的北京、天津、唐山为研究对象,建立了复合生态系统与可持续发展的能值指标,对3个城市1991～2005年自然环境与社会经济可持续发展状况进行了比较分析.研究结果表明:1991～2005年期间,由于北京、天津的本地资源能值对经济发展的驱动力不足,城市发展对外部输入能值的依赖程度越来越高;北京、天津、唐山社会子系统的能值指标均呈上升趋势,城市居民生活水平和经济发展水平不断提高;北京经济子系统的各项指标均优于天津和唐山,但环境子系统和能值可持续指标体现出,北京的环境压力最大、可持续发展能力低于天津和唐山.在此分析基础上,对北京、天津、唐山的可持续发展提出了几点建议,为制定城市发展策略和产业调整提供科学依据.     

基于集对分析的城市生态系统健康评价—以兰州为例

城市生态系统是城市社会经济发展的基础和载体,但城市生态系统健康状况问题中包含多种不确定性因素,而集对分析可以有效处理这种不确定性.论文以特大型综合性城市兰州为研究案例,基于集对分析方法,构建包括生产力、生活态、生态势和生机度的城市生命力指数,诊断兰州城市生态系统2002至2008年间的健康状态.研究结果表明:2002～2008年,兰州市城市生态系统健康状况呈上升趋势,其健康联系度由2002年的0.451增至2008年的0.519,但总体水平仍不高.该研究为兰州市城市规划和生态建设推荐了重点行动领域,同时也可为兰州市实施可持续发展战略提供决策依据.