H102对转基因AD小鼠脑内NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白的影响

目的：研究β片层阻断肽H102对转基因AD小鼠脑内NF-κB通路相关蛋白活性及表达的影响。方法：将30只8周龄APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组和给药组,另选15只同周龄同背景的C57BL/6J小鼠设为对照组（n=15）。给药组每日经鼻腔给予H102溶液5 μl （5.8 mg/kg）,对照组和模型组每日给予等量空白辅料溶液。给药16周后,采用Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的空间参考记忆变化,采用免疫组织化学方法和免疫印迹技术测定小鼠脑组织内β样淀粉样蛋白（Aβ_1-42）、核因子-κB （NF-κB）、核因子-κB抑制蛋白（IκB）、IκB蛋白激酶（IKK）及其磷酸化蛋白（p-NF-κB、p-IκB、p-IKK）以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和活化型半胱天冬酶-3（cleaved Caspase 3）蛋白的表达。结果：①Morris水迷宫测试：模型组小鼠的空间学习记忆能力较对照组显著降低,给药组较模型组显著提高（P<0.05）。②免疫组化及免疫印迹检测结果模型组小鼠脑组织内Aβ_1-42、p-IKK、p-NF-κB、p-IκB、核内NF-κB及iNOS和cleaved Caspase 3蛋白的表达较对照组显著增高,给药组蛋白表达较模型组显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：H102可抑制APP/PS1双转基因小鼠脑内NF-κB信号转导通路,抑制细胞凋亡和炎症反应,明显改善转基因AD小鼠的学习记忆能力。     

耐力训练对ApoE-/-致AS小鼠IL-18和IL-10表达的影响

目的：深入观察耐力训练对载脂蛋白E基因敲除（ApoE^-/-）致动脉粥样硬化（AS）小鼠白介素18（IL-18）和白介素10（IL-10）的影响,探讨运动防治AS的可能机制。方法：选取8周龄雄性ApoE^-/-小鼠20只：随机分为2组（n=10）：AS模型组（AC组）和运动干预组（AE组）,AE组进行跑台耐力训练;选取8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠10只作为正常对照组（CC组）。实验持续12周,取主动脉制作冰冻切片,分别用于观察主动脉AS斑块和病理变化以及主动脉IL-18、IL-10蛋白表达;采用ELISA法检测血清IL-18、IL-10水平。结果：①12周高脂膳食致ApoE^-/-小鼠发生典型的AS病变,耐力训练使AS斑块面积显著减少（P<0.01）,病变程度显著减轻。②与CC组比较,AC组、AE组小鼠血清IL-18和IL-10水平均显著升高（P<0.01）,且AC组IL-18/IL-10比值显著升高（P<0.01）。AE组血清IL-18水平及IL-18/IL-10比值均显著低于AC组（P<0.01）。③与CC组比较,AC组、AE组小鼠主动脉IL-10和IL-18蛋白表达均显著升高（P<0.01）,AE组IL-10表达显著高于AC组（P<0.05）,IL-18表达显著低于AC组（P<0.05）。结论：耐力训练通过降低血液和主动脉IL-18及提高IL-10水平,增强了主动脉血管抗炎能力,从而发挥抗AS的作用。     

A soluble form of human nectin-2 impairs exocrine secretion of pancreas and formation of zymogen granules in transgenic mice

Transgenic mouse lines expressing a soluble form of human nectin-2 (hNectin-2Ig Tg) exhibited distinctive elevation of amylase and lipase levels in the sera. In this study, we aimed to clarify the histopathology and to propose the transgenic mouse lines as new animal model for characteristic pancreatic exocrine defects. The significant increase of amylase and lipase levels in sera of the transgenic lines approximately peaked at 8 weeks old and thereafter, plateaued or gradually decreased. The histopathology in transgenic acinar cells was characterized by intracytoplasmic accumulation of abnormal proteins with decrease of normal zymogen granules. The hNectin-2Ig expression was observed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic acinar cells, which was consistent with zymogen granules. However, signals of hNectin-2Ig were very weak in the transgenic acinar cells with the abnormal cytoplasmic accumulaion. The PCNA-positive cells increased in the transgenic pancreas, which suggested the affected acinar cells were regenerated. Acinar cells of hNectin-2Ig Tg had markedly small number of zymogen granules with remarkable dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen containing abundant abnormal proteins. In conclusion, hNectin-2Ig Tg is proposed as a new animal model for characteristic pancreatic exocrine defects, which are due to the ER stress induced by expression of mutated cell adhesion molecule that is a soluble form of human nectin-2.     

Elevated specific activity of 5′-nucleotidase in a spinal cord myelin fraction from shiverer mice comparison with other myelin-associated enzymes and myelin proteins

Meylin partially purified from spinal cords of dysmyelinating mutant (shiverer) mice had almost three-fold the specific activity of 5′-nucleotidase found in the respective myelin fraction from normal mice. The specific activities of two other normally myelin-associated enzymes, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphohydrolase and carbonic anhydrase, were only slightly higher in the myelin membranes from shiveres, compared to those from controls. In the mutants, the three enzymes probably occur in oligodendrocyte processes. Hhypothetically, the 5′-nucleotidase in the myelin sheath in shiverer and normal mice may be localized in specialized structures.     

正常小鼠高频心电图时域值和功率谱的研究

本文用南京新博公司生产的ＮＨＥ－１０００型心电高频信息检测分析仪研究了正常小鼠（昆明种）高频心电图（ＨＦ－ＥＣＧ）的时域值和ＱＲＳ波群的功率谱。主要结果如下（以正导为例,－Ｘ±ＳＤ）：心率６０３±８８次／ｍｉｎ（ｎ＝７４）;Ｐ－Ｒ间期相对较长。为３４．９±４．７ｍｓ（ｎ＝５８）,占心动周期的３４．９±４．９％,这与人类有很大的不同;ＱＲＳ波宽９．２±１．２ｍｓ,占心动周期的９．２±１．４％（ｎ＝７４）,这一结果与以前的文献报道相差较大。Ｔ波宽１０．３±３．２ｍｓ,占心动周期的１０．３±３．２％;Ｑ－Ｔ间期１９．４±３．２ｍｓ,占心动周期的１９．５±３．６％;ＱＲＳ波群峰－峰值（Ｖｐ－ｐ）为１．４５６±０．４８０ｍＶ;Ｔ波高０．３３６±０．１１５ｍＶ;７３只动物Ⅱ导联高频切迹总数只有３个,扭挫２６个。Ⅱ导联ＱＲＳ波群的功率谱特点：０—８０Ｈｚ的相对能量为４５．４８±１５．３２％;８０—２００Ｈｚ为４３．９７±９．９５％;２００—３００Ｈｚ为８．８９±７．３８％;３００—１０００Ｈｚ为１．６６±２．７４％。     

莱菔子乙醇提取物对ApoE-/-小鼠血脂血糖及肝脂肪变性的影响*

目的:探讨莱菔子乙醇提取物(AERS)对ApoE^-/-小鼠血脂血糖及肝脂肪变性的影响及其机制。方法:随机将60只ApoE^-/-小鼠分为对照组(CG)、生理盐水组(NG)、罗格列酮组(RG)、AERS治疗组,后者再分成AERS低、中、高剂量组(AERS-L/M/H),每组10只。除CG常规饲料外,其他动物均以高脂高糖高盐饲料饲养9周,CG和NG分别每天以等容量NS灌胃1次,RG每天灌胃罗格列酮(1.33 mg·kg^-1,NS稀释成等容量溶液,每次0.2 ml·10 g^-1),AERS组动物每天分别予AERS灌胃(100、300和900 mg·kg^-1)9周后。肝病理学观察,检测FPG、FIns,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)和肝系数(LC)。检测血清ALT、AST、瘦素(LEP)、TNF-α及血脂水平(TC、FFA等)。Western blot检测肝脂质代谢相关蛋白表达(HMG-R、LDL-R、LEP-R)。结果:与CG相比,NG和RG肝脏外观(色泽、肿胀情况等)和病理学(脂肪变性、肝细胞坏死等)改变明显,而AERS-M/H与CG相似;与CG相比,血清FPG、Fins、IRI、ALT、AST、TNF-α、LC、TG、LDL-C、FFA、LEP等指标明显升高(P＜0.05);与NG相比,AERS呈现剂量依赖性降低(P＜0.05);与RG相比,AERS-H的FPG、Fins明显升高(P＜0.05),而IRI明显降低(P＜0.05);与NG和RG相比,AERS组的HMG-R和LEP-R蛋白表达呈剂量依赖性减少,而LDL-R蛋白表达呈剂量依赖性增加(P＜0.05)。结论:AERS能阻止高脂高糖饲料诱导ApoE^-/^-小鼠血脂血糖升高及肝脂肪变性,其机制与减少FFA和LEP的生成,抑制TNF-α、HMG-R、LEP-R蛋白表达和促进LDL-R的蛋白表达有关。     

Appearance of an intra-acrosomal antigen during the terminal step of spermiogenesis in the rat

Summary In a survey of sperm antigens in the rat, a new intra-acrosomal antigen was found using a monoclonal antibody MC41 raised against rat epididymal spermatozoa. The MC41 was immunoglobulin G₁ and recognized spermatozoa from rat, mouse and hamster. Indirect immunofluorescence with MC41 specifically stained the crescent region of the anterior acrosome of the sperm head. Immuno-gold electron microscopy demonstrated that the antigen was localized within the acrosomal matrix. Immunoblot study showed that MC41 recognized a band of approximately 165000 dalton in the extract of rat sperm from the cauda epididymidis. Immunohistochemistry with MC41 demonstrated that the antigen was first detected in approximately step-2 spermatids, and distributed over the entire cytoplasmic region of spermatids from step 2 to early step 19. The head region became strongly stained in late step-19 spermatids and then in mature spermatozoa. Distinct immunostaining was not found in the developing acrosome of spermatids throughout spermiogenesis. These results suggest that the MC41 antigen is a unique intra-acrosomal antigen which is accumulated into the acrosome during the terminal step of spermiogenesis.     

Detection and structural investigation of metabolites of stanozolol in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

The applicability of LC–MS/MS in precursor ion scan mode for the detection of urinary stanozolol metabolites has been studied. The product ion at m/z 81 has been selected as specific for stanozolol metabolites without a modification in A- or N-rings and the product ions at m/z 97 and 145 for the metabolites hydroxylated in the N-ring and 4-hydroxy-stanozolol metabolites, respectively. Under these conditions, the parent drug and up to 15 metabolites were found in a positive doping test sample. The study of a sample from a chimeric uPA-SCID mouse collected after the administration of stanozolol revealed the presence of 4 additional metabolites. The information obtained from the product ion spectra was used to develop a SRM method for the detection of 19 compounds. This SRM method was applied to several doping positive samples. All the metabolites were detected in both the uPA-SCID mouse sample and positive human samples and were not detected in none of the blank samples tested; confirming the metabolic nature of all the detected compounds. In addition, the application of the SRM method to a single human excretion study revealed that one of the metabolites (4ξ,16ξ-dihydroxy-stanozolol) could be detected in negative ionization mode for a longer period than those commonly used in the screening for stanozolol misuse (3′-hydroxy-stanozolol, 16β-hydroxy-stanozolol and 4β-hydroxy-stanozolol) in doping analysis. The application of the developed approach to several positive doping samples confirmed the usefulness of this metabolite for the screening of stanozolol misuse. Finally, a tentative structure for each detected metabolite has been proposed based on the product ion spectra measured with accurate masses using UPLC–QTOF MS.     

Elevated oxidative stress and sensorimotor deficits but normal cognition in mice that cannot synthesize ascorbic acid

Oxidative stress is implicated in the cognitive deterioration associated with normal aging as well as neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We investigated the effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on oxidative stress, cognition, and motor abilities in mice null for gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (Gulo). Gulo−/− mice are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid and depend on dietary ascorbic acid for survival. Gulo−/− mice were given supplements that provided them either with ascorbic acid levels equal to- or slightly higher than wild-type mice (Gulo-sufficient), or lower than physiological levels (Gulo-low) that were just enough to prevent scurvy. Ascorbic acid is a major anti-oxidant in mice and any reduction in ascorbic acid level is therefore likely to result in increased oxidative stress. Ascorbic acid levels in the brain and liver were higher in Gulo-sufficient mice than in Gulo-low mice. F₄-neuroprostanes were elevated in cortex and cerebellum in Gulo-low mice and in the cortex of Gulo-sufficient mice. All Gulo−/− mice were cognitively normal but had a strength and agility deficit that was worse in Gulo-low mice. This suggests that low levels of ascorbic acid and elevated oxidative stress as measured by F₄-neuroprostanes alone are insufficient to impair memory in the knockouts but may be responsible for the exacerbated motor deficits in Gulo-low mice, and ascorbic acid may have a vital role in maintaining motor abilities.