Estimation of minke whale abundance from an acoustic line transect survey of the Mariana Islands

The minke whale is one of the most abundant species of baleen whales worldwide, yet is rarely sighted in subtropical waters. In the North Pacific, they produce a distinctive sound known as the “boing,” which can be used to acoustically localize individuals. A vessel‐based survey using both visual and passive acoustic monitoring was conducted during the spring of 2007 in a large (616,000 km²) study area encompassing the Mariana Islands. We applied line transect methods to data collected from a towed hydrophone array to estimate the abundance of calling minke whales in our study area. No minke whales were sighted, but there were hundreds of acoustic detections of boings. Computer algorithms were developed to localize calling minke whales from acoustic recordings, resulting in over 30 independent localizations, a six‐fold increase over those estimated during the survey. The two best estimates of abundance of calling minke whales were determined to be 80 and 91 animals (0.13 and 0.15 animals per 1,000 km2, respectively; CV = 34%). These are the first density and abundance estimates for calling minke whales using towed hydrophone array surveys, and the first estimates for this species in the Mariana Islands region. These are considered minimum estimates of the true number of minke whales in the study area.     

制革鞣制工艺在小布氏鲸皮张脱脂中的应用

在分析组织结构并测定脂肪含量的基础上,利用现代制革鞣制工艺对一头小布氏鲸(Balaenoptera edeni)的皮作了脱脂效果研究。在控制好对皮肤整体质量影响最小的情况下,本文设计了一套工艺流程,将脱脂操作贯穿到整个皮张的鞣制过程中。经组织切片和氯仿甲醇法检验,胸部和腹部真皮的脂肪体积比,由31.78%±2.69%和44.80%±3.74%下降至4.28%和6.83%;含脂量下降至4.04%和5.57%,脱脂率达到了86.24%和84.90%,基本满足了标本制作的脱脂要求。     

A postmortem study of the corpus callosum in the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

Cetaceans diverged from terrestrial mammals approximately 53 mya and have evolved independently since then. During this time period, they have developed a complex nervous system with many adaptations to the marine environment. This study used stereological methods to estimate the total number and diameter of the myelinated fibers in the corpus callosum of the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) (n= 4). The total number of callosal fibers was estimated to 55.3 × 10⁶ (range: 49.0 × 10⁶–59.1 × 10⁶). Despite large variations of the callosal area (350–950 mm²), there was little variation in total fiber number. The fibers with diameters ranging from 0.822 to 1.14 μm were the most frequent, which is similar to results obtained in the human brain using the same method. There was no systematic distribution of large‐, middle‐, or small‐sized fibers along the rostrocaudal axis of the corpus callosum. This study indicated that the corpus callosum of the common minke whale is small and has few fibers compared to terrestrial mammals.     

Regional differences in length at sexual maturity for female blue whales based on recovered Soviet whaling data

New blue whale ovarian corpora data from illegal Soviet catches in the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean were recovered from the original logbooks. Catches north of 52°S were assumed to be pygmy blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda , n = 1,272); those south of 56°S were assumed to be Antarctic (true) blue whales ( B. m. intermedia , n = 153). Three probable Antarctic blue whales north of 52°S were excluded. Lengths at which 50% and 95% of females become sexually mature ( L ₅₀ and L ₉₅) were estimated from a Bayesian logistic model. These estimates are more precise than previous Japanese estimates because Soviet catches below the legal minimum of 70 ft (21.3 m) were 32 times greater. For pygmy blue whales L ₅₀ was 19.2 m (95% interval 19.1–19.3 m) and L ₉₅ was 20.5 m (95% interval 20.4–20.7 m). Antarctic L ₅₀ (23.4 m, 95% interval 22.9–23.9 m) was much longer than L ₅₀ for pygmy blue whale regions (18.4–19.9 m). The median L ₅₀ for the northern Indian Ocean was 0.5–0.6 m shorter than for pygmy blue whales from other regions; although statistically significant, these small length differences provide little support for northern Indian Ocean blue whales being a separate subspecies, B. m. indica .     

Seasonal occurrence of southeast Pacific blue whale songs in southern Chile and the eastern tropical Pacific

Passive acoustic data were collected January 2012 to April 2013 at four sites in the Chiloense Ecoregion (CER) in southern Chile (≈43°S–44°S, 71°W–73°W) and 1996–2002 from one site in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) (8°S, 95°W). Automatic detectors were used to detect the two songs (SEP1 and SEP2) described for southeast Pacific (SEP) blue whales. There was a strong seasonal pattern of occurrence of SEP songs in the CER from December to August, peaking March to May. In the ETP, the occurrence of songs was an order of magnitude lower but songs were present year‐round, with a peak around June. These findings support austral summer/autumn seasonal residency in the CER and a seasonal movement of blue whales towards the ETP during June/July, returning in December. Interannual differences in the ETP were possibly linked to the 1997–1998 El Niño event. At both study sites, SEP2 was significantly more common than SEP1; both songs largely followed the same temporal trends. These findings contribute to our understanding of the seasonal movements of endangered SEP blue whales and can inform conservation strategies, particularly in the CER coastal feeding ground. We recommend future year‐round passive acoustic studies in the CER and the ETP (e.g., near the Galapagos Islands), ideally coupled with oceanographic data.     

用mtDNA序列鉴定出上海海域 须鲸科物种大村鲸

测定了采自上海海域的一头死亡须鲸骨骼样本的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）细胞色素b基因（Cyt b）序列330 bp（登录号MK295815）、细胞色素C氧化酶Ⅰ基因（COⅠ）序列206 bp（登录号MK317953）和控制区（control region）序列231 bp（登录号MK317954）。通过GenBank中的BLAST分析,结果表明,样本的上述三部分序列与大村鲸（Balaenoptera omurai）对应序列的相似性均达到100%,基于最大似然法（ML）法构建的系统发育树与BLAST结果一致,故将标本鉴定为大村鲸,为上海海域首次记录。     

北部湾涠洲岛海域栖息布氏鲸种群的物种鉴定

布氏鲸(Bryde’s whale)是广泛分布于温带和热带海域的一类中等体型须鲸,通常认为存在小布氏鲸(Balaenoptera edeni edeni)和布氏鲸(B. e. brydei)两个亚种。然而,有研究表明它们应该被划分为两个独立物种,即近岸小型布氏鲸(B. edeni)和远洋大型布氏鲸(B. brydei)。由于两者外部形态极其相似,并且存在同域分布现象,很难基于外观进行准确的物种鉴定。近年来,广西北部湾涠洲岛海域出现一个稳定的布氏鲸栖息种群,但目前尚不清楚属于哪种布氏鲸。研究采集了涠洲岛布氏鲸种群中两个体的粪便样品,从其中一份样品成功提取基因组DNA,并基于线粒体Cyt b和COΙ基因序列开展物种鉴定和遗传分析,鉴定结果为小布氏鲸。此外,还鉴定出涠洲岛海域同年死亡的一头须鲸也为小布氏鲸。据此推测涠洲岛水域栖息的布氏鲸种群可能是小布氏鲸。研究首次基于粪便样品,采用分子生物学技术,成功开展了活体布氏鲸的物种鉴定。这种基于非损伤采样的物种鉴定方法值得进一步优化并推广应用。     

MORPHOMETRIC COMPARISON OF MINKE WHALES BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC

Multivariate statistical analyses of 18 morphometric characters were performed in order to evaluate potential heterogeneity between predefined minke whale stock unit areas in the North Atlantic (West Greenland, Central, and Northeastern stocks). Results from principal component analyses suggested that the data cannot be regarded as random samples drawn from one uniform distribution. The overlap between groups was too substantial, however, to allow a firm conclusion concerning the question of isolated breeding stocks versus a large common breeding pool.     

BLUE WHALE (BALAENOPTERA MUSCULUS)DISTRIBUTION IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC

The distribution of blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus , in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) was analyzed from 211 sightings of 355 whales recorded during research vessel sighting surveys or by biologists aboard fishing vessels. Over 90% of the sightings were made in just two areas: along Baja California, and in the vicinity of the Costa Rica Dome (a large, stationary eddy centered near 9°N, 89°W), with the rest made along the equator near the Galapagos islands, the coasts of Ecuador and northern Peru. All sightings occurred in relatively cool, upwelling-modified waters. Because these areas are the most productive parts of the ETP, and have relatively large standing stocks of euphausiids, it seems possible that blue whales select low latitude habitats which permit foraging. The waters off western Baja California were occupied seasonally, with a peak in sightings coinciding with the spring peak in upwelling and biological production. The Costa Rica Dome area was occupied year round, suggesting either a resident population, or that both northern and southern hemisphere whales visit, with temporal overlap. The modal group size was one for all areas and seasons, but the frequency of groups with two or more whales was significantly higher in sightings made near the Galapagos Islands and the coast of Ecuador and northern Peru.     

The diving behavior of blue and fin whales: is dive duration shorter than expected based on oxygen stores?

Many diving seabirds and marine mammals have been found to regularly exceed their theoretical aerobic dive limit (TADL). No animals have been found to dive for durations that are consistently shorter than their TADL. We attached time-depth recorders to 7 blue whales and 15 fin whales (family Balaenopteridae). The diving behavior of both species was similar, and we distinguished between foraging and traveling dives. Foraging dives in both species were deeper, longer in duration and distinguished by a series of vertical excursions where lunge feeding presumably occurred. Foraging blue whales lunged 2.4 (+/-1.13) times per dive, with a maximum of six times and average vertical excursion of 30.2 (+/-10.04) m. Foraging fin whales lunged 1.7 (+/-0.88) times per dive, with a maximum of eight times and average vertical excursion of 21.2 (+/-4.35) m. The maximum rate of ascent of lunges was higher than the maximum rate of descent in both species, indicating that feeding lunges occurred on ascent. Foraging dives were deeper and longer than non-feeding dives in both species. On average, blue whales dived to 140.0 (+/-46.01) m and 7.8 (+/-1.89) min when foraging, and 67.6 (+/-51.46) m and 4.9 (+/-2.53) min when not foraging. Fin whales dived to 97.9 (+/-32.59) m and 6.3 (+/-1.53) min when foraging and to 59.3 (+/-29.67) m and 4.2 (+/-1.67) min when not foraging. The longest dives recorded for both species, 14.7 min for blue whales and 16.9 min for fin whales, were considerably shorter than the TADL of 31.2 and 28.6 min, respectively. An allometric comparison of seven families diving to an average depth of 80-150 m showed a significant relationship between body mass and dive duration once Balaenopteridae whales, with a mean dive duration of 6.8 min, were excluded from the analysis. Thus, the short dive durations of blue whales and fin whales cannot be explained by the shallow distribution of their prey. We propose instead that short duration diving in large whales results from either: (1) dispersal behavior of prey; or (2) a high energetic cost of foraging.