土壤细菌16SrRNA基因变异型及其与植被的相关研究

绕过细菌的分离培养,直接提取土壤DNA,扩谱,克隆土壤细菌群体的16S核糖体RNA基因（16S,rDNA),根据该基因各种变异类型的限制性片段长度多型性,分析土壤细菌分子遗传多样性及其与植被的相关关系,植被的改变影响土壤养分,进而改变土壤细菌群落结构,土壤细菌遗传多样性和分化能反映植被的变化。     

Effects of quorum sensing autoinducer degradation gene on virulence and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The aiiA gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was cloned into the Pseudomonas/E. coli shuttle vector and transformed into Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. Western blotting showed that the AiiA protein was expressed in PAO1. After induction by IPTG for 6 h and 18 h, expression of the aiiA gene in PAO1 completely degraded the quorum sensing autoinducers N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs): N-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) and N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL). The reduced amount of AHLs in PAO1 was also correlated with decreased expression and production of several virulence factors such as elastase and pyocyanin. AiiA expression also influenced bacterial swarming motility. Most importantly, our studies indicated that aiiA played significant roles in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and dispersion, as observed by the differences of the biofilm formation on liquid and solid surfaces, and biofilm structures under a scanning electron microscope. These authors contributed equally to this work Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30570020) and Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (Grant No. 2004ABA120)     

858例血感染患者病原菌分布及耐药情况

目的:通过对某地区中心医院收集的临床血感染患者感染病原菌的分析,了解该地区血感染患者病原菌构成、分布及耐药特点,为临床治疗提供参考和指导。方法:收集2012年6月至2013年8月期间在某院就诊的858例血感染患者血液标本,采用BACTEC9050全自动血培养仪培养,采用VITEK 2 Compack系统和K-B琼脂纸片扩散法对阳性标本进行菌种鉴定和药敏检测。结果:血培养结果显示,在858份血培养标本中共检出阳性标本109份,每份标本都只检出一种病菌,总检出率为12.7%,革兰阳性菌占64.22%(70/109),革兰阴性菌占33.03%(36/109),真菌占0.35%%(3/109);药物敏感试验结果显示:葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素和复方新诺明耐药率40%;肠杆菌科细菌对氨苄西林和氯霉素耐药率40%;非发酵菌科细菌对氨苄西林,头孢他啶,头孢噻肟和氯霉素耐药率40%。结论:目前本地区临床血感染患者革兰阳性菌感染率高,以金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,治疗可以首选糖肽类抗菌药物;革兰阴性菌以大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌为主,对氨苄西林、氯霉素耐药率高,大肠杆菌对头孢类抗生素的耐受较绿脓杆菌低,两种细菌感染治疗可以考虑选择单环-内酰胺类抗生素。及时准确的血培养结果及药敏试验可为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供重要依据。     

白色念珠菌蛋白酶与其毒力关系的研究

目的 探讨白色念珠菌蛋白酶活动与其毒力关系。方法的采用牛奶平地检测５４株白色念珠菌蛋白酶的分泌能力,然后选择６侏菌分别经摇瓶培养测定其蛋白酶活力,并以静脉内注射方式感染小鼠进行毒力试验,以小鼠平均生存时间来评价菌株毒力。结果 ５４株白色念珠菌全部能分泌蛋白酶,检出率为１００％。动物试验表明蛋白酶活力愈高的菌株,相应小鼠平均生存时间愈短;蛋白酶活力与菌株毒力直接正相关（γ＝０．９３４,Ｐ＜０．０１）     

酵母浸出粉在奈瑟脑膜炎双球菌培养中的比较观察

目的探索A群,C群奈瑟脑膜炎双球菌(简称流脑)多糖疫苗生产中奈瑟脑膜炎双球菌培养的最适培养基。方法在培养基配制中用增减酵母浸出粉的方法制备相应的培养基,8h收菌,通过菌体的收获量并参考多糖量来确定较好的培养基配比。结果不同培养基用于A群、C群奈瑟脑膜炎菌培养8h后均有收获,其中2号培养基(酵母浸出粉)培养的菌体的浓度明显高于1号和3号培养基,它们之间有显著性差异(P<0.05)此种培养基能提高奈瑟脑膜炎双球菌的产量。结论添加酵母浸出粉的培养基可作为A群、C群奈瑟脑膜炎双球菌培养的最适培养基。     

Proteomic and phenotypic profiling of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis shows that genotype is linked to virulence

Population genetics of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) show that isolates are highly related and globally homogenous, data that are consistent with the recent epidemic spread of a previously endemic organism. Highly related isolates are predicted to be functionally similar due to low levels of heritable genetic diversity. To test this hypothesis, we took a global panel of Bd isolates and measured (i) the genetic relatedness among isolates, (ii) proteomic profiles of isolates, (iii) the susceptibility of isolates to the antifungal drug caspofungin, (iv) the variation among isolates in growth and phenotypic characteristics, and (v) the virulence of isolates against the European common toad Bufo bufo . Our results show (i) genotypic differentiation among isolates, (ii) proteomic differentiation among isolates, (iii) no significant differences in susceptibility to caspofungin, (iv) differentiation in growth and phenotypic/morphological characters, and (v) differential virulence in B. bufo . Specifically, our data show that Bd isolates can be profiled by their genotypic and proteomic characteristics, as well as by the size of their sporangia. Bd genotypic and phenotypic distance matrices are significantly correlated, showing that less-related isolates are more biologically unique. Mass spectrometry has identified a set of candidate genes associated with inter-isolate variation. Our data show that, despite its rapid global emergence, Bd isolates are not identical and differ in several important characters that are linked to virulence. We argue that future studies need to clarify the mechanism(s) and rate at which Bd is evolving, and the impact that such variation has on the host–pathogen dynamic.     

Molecular phylogeny of Pholadoidea Lamarck, 1809 supports a single origin for xylotrophy (wood feeding) and xylotrophic bacterial endosymbiosis in Bivalvia

The ability to consume wood as food (xylotrophy) is unusual among animals. In terrestrial environments, termites and other xylotrophic insects are the principle wood consumers while in marine environments wood-boring bivalves fulfill this role. However, the evolutionary origin of wood feeding in bivalves has remained largely unexplored. Here we provide data indicating that xylotrophy has arisen just once in Bivalvia in a single wood-feeding bivalve lineage that subsequently diversified into distinct shallow- and deep-water branches, both of which have been broadly successful in colonizing the world’s oceans. These data also suggest that the appearance of this remarkable life habit was approximately coincident with the acquisition of bacterial endosymbionts. Here we generate a robust phylogeny for xylotrophic bivalves and related species based on sequences of small and large subunit nuclear rRNA genes. We then trace the distribution among the modern taxa of morphological characters and character states associated with xylotrophy and xylotrepesis (wood-boring) and use a parsimony-based method to infer their ancestral states. Based on these ancestral state reconstructions we propose a set of plausible hypotheses describing the evolution of symbiotic xylotrophy in Bivalvia. Within this context, we reinterpret one of the most remarkable progressions in bivalve evolution, the transformation of the “typical” myoid body plan to create a unique lineage of worm-like, tube-forming, wood-feeding clams. The well-supported phylogeny presented here is inconsistent with most taxonomic treatments for xylotrophic bivalves, indicating that the bivalve family Pholadidae and the subfamilies Teredininae and Bankiinae of the family Teredinidae are non-monophyletic, and that the principle traits used for their taxonomic diagnosis are phylogenetically misleading.     

Role of the septin Cdc10 in the virulence of Candida albicans

The relationship between the morphology and virulence of Candida albicans has aroused interest in the study of the proteins involved in its morphogenesis. We present virulence data for one important element in fungal morphogenesis-septins. We disrupted CaCDC10 and studied the virulence in a mouse infection model and the different steps followed by the fungus during the infection: adherence to epithelial cells, organ colonisation, macrophage phagocytosis, and host survival. We found the altered subcellular localisation of Int1--a C. albicans adhesin- in the septin null mutants. The Int1 mislocalisation and the defects in the cell wall of defective CaCdc10 strains permit us to propose a model for explaining the biological meaning of the absence of virulence presented by these septin mutants.     

Distribution of virulence profiles related to new toxins and putative adhesins in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from diverse sources in Brazil

The distribution of virulence markers related to cytolethal distending toxin-V (CDT-V), subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB), the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli factor for adherence (Efa1), the adhesin similar to IrgA (Iha), the long polar fimbriae (LpfO113), the autoagglutinating adhesin (Saa), and the protein required for full expression of adherence of O157:H7 Sakai strain (ToxB) was investigated in 121 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains isolated in Brazil. STEC strains were isolated from human infections (n=49), cattle (n=68) and ground meat samples (n=4). Overall, the lpfA(O113), iha, efa1, saa, and toxB sequences were observed in 89.2%, 87.6%, 47.1%, 43%, and 13.2% of the strains, respectively. The genes efa1 (96.6%) and toxB (27%) were only identified among eae-positive strains, while saa (83.8%), cdt-V (12.9%), and subAB (48.4%) just occurred in eae-negative STEC strains. STEC strains harboring cdt-V and subAB were for the first time described in the South American subcontinent. In addition, the simultaneous presence of cdt-V and subAB has not been previously reported, nor the presence of subAB in STEC O77, O79, O105, O174, and O178 serogroups. A diversity of virulence profiles was observed among the STEC strains studied. The most prevalent profile observed among eae-positive STEC strains mainly isolated from humans was eae efa1 iha lpfA(O113), whereas iha lpfA(O113) saa ehxA subAB prevailed among eae-negative STEC strains, mostly isolated from cattle and foods.     

Key role of two terminal domains in the bidirectional polymerization of FtsA protein

The effect of two different truncations involving either the 1C domain or the simultaneous absence of the S12-13 β-strands of the FtsA protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae, located at opposite terminal sides in the molecular structure, suggests that they are essential for ATP-dependent polymerization. These two truncated proteins are not able to polymerize themselves but can be incorporated to some extent into the FtsA(+) polymers during the assembling process. Consequently, they block the growth of the FtsA(+) polymers and slow down the polymerization rate. The combined action of the two truncated proteins produces an additive effect on the inhibition of FtsA(+) polymerization, indicating that each truncation affects a different interaction site within the FtsA molecule.