全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4075篇 |
免费 | 65篇 |
国内免费 | 173篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 31篇 |
2021年 | 40篇 |
2020年 | 79篇 |
2019年 | 71篇 |
2018年 | 78篇 |
2017年 | 65篇 |
2016年 | 40篇 |
2015年 | 103篇 |
2014年 | 324篇 |
2013年 | 295篇 |
2012年 | 301篇 |
2011年 | 423篇 |
2010年 | 275篇 |
2009年 | 192篇 |
2008年 | 205篇 |
2007年 | 160篇 |
2006年 | 160篇 |
2005年 | 144篇 |
2004年 | 135篇 |
2003年 | 133篇 |
2002年 | 86篇 |
2001年 | 72篇 |
2000年 | 58篇 |
1999年 | 64篇 |
1998年 | 60篇 |
1997年 | 62篇 |
1996年 | 63篇 |
1995年 | 46篇 |
1994年 | 49篇 |
1993年 | 38篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 50篇 |
1990年 | 38篇 |
1989年 | 34篇 |
1988年 | 28篇 |
1987年 | 26篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 22篇 |
1984年 | 48篇 |
1983年 | 38篇 |
1982年 | 37篇 |
1981年 | 23篇 |
1980年 | 20篇 |
1979年 | 21篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1952年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有4313条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Shiro Higashi Akinori Nakashima Hideki Ozaki Mikiko Abe Toshiki Uchiumi 《Journal of plant research》1993,106(1):47-54
The process of digestion of captured feeds in a pitcher, an insect-trapping organ, ofNepenthes was studied. Changes in bacterial population, pH and NH4
+ concentrations in pitcher juice were examined. Strong activities of both acid- and alkaline phosphatase, phosphoamidase,
esterase C4 and esterase C8 were found in the pitcher juice. Optimum pH of proteases in the juice and those secreted from
bacteria showed pH 3.0 and pH 8.0–9.0, respectively. Twenty six strains of bacteria were isolated from 4 pitchers: 10 strains
were gram positive, 16 strains were gram negative (10 strains had casein hydrolase activity). A proton excretion was induced
by NH4
+ released from the added solutions, and accordingly, the pH of the solutions fell. As a simulation model of the digestion
process of feeds in pitcher juice and polypeptone solution was added into the washed pitcher. A good correlation was found
among the NH4
+ concentration, pH and bacterial cell titer. 相似文献
62.
Invasion of tissue culture cells by diarrhoeagenic strains of Escherichia coli which lack the enteroinvasive inv gene 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Aberra Geyid Jon Fletcher Brehanu A. Gashe Åsa Ljungh 《FEMS immunology and medical microbiology》1996,14(1):15-24
Abstract Invasive Escherichia coli strains of certain serotypes invade by the same mechanism as the Shigella sp. It has been proposed that invasion of epithelial cells by EPEC strains may also occur; this is a previously overlooked property. In the present study E. coli strains isolated from patients with diarrhoea or ulcerative colitis, lacking the inv plasmid mediating classical invasion, but hybridizing with probes for different adhesins, were analyzed for their ability to invade HeLa and Caco-2 cells. The majority of strains invaded Caco-2 cells to a higher extent than HeLa cells. Adhesion to Caco-2 cells was a prerequisite for subsequent invasion of the cells but EAF, eae , EAgg and other known virulence factors were not sufficient to mediate invasion. In 8/9 E. coli strains invasion was enhanced after growth under iron restriction. Growth during anaerobic conditions did not influence subsequent invasion by E. coli strains whereas 6/9 strains had their invasive ability significantly decreased after growth in the presence of 1% glucose. The invasive process was inhibited by mannose but not by lactose, fucose or galactose. Our data indicate that strains of E. coli may invade Caco-2 cells by novel mechanisms which require adhesion to the cells but which differ from those of Salmonella sp., Yersinia sp., Shigella sp. and classical enteroinvasive E. coli . 相似文献
63.
抗生素对双歧杆菌影响的观察 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
本文观察了双歧杆菌对临床常用抗生素的敏感性及其L型形成和抗生素对动物体内双歧杆菌的影响,发现双歧杆菌对多种抗生素耐药或易形成L型。动物口服双歧杆菌同时给抗生素,6天后其粪便中仍有大量双歧杆菌或双歧杆菌L型存在,表明双歧杆菌可通过多种机制逃避抗生素的作用,在机体肠道内长期存在。 相似文献
64.
金黄色葡萄球菌L型和人乳头瘤病毒与宫颈癌关系的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
应用改良革兰氏染色和免疫组化染色(ABC法),对270例宫颈癌和33例慢性宫颈炎进行了研究。结果发现,宫颈癌革兰氏染色切片中细菌L型感染率(75.1%)明显高于慢性宫颈炎(45.5%)(P<0.05),金黄色葡萄球菌L型抗原阳性率(76.2%)明显高于人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)抗原阳性率(57.1%)。L型、HPV混合感染率为42.8%。上述结果表明宫颈癌中金葡菌L型与HPV感染均常见,尤其金葡菌L型感染更为多见;金葡菌L型与HPV感染的致病特征相似,两者均有不同程度的空泡细胞出现。提示金葡菌L型感染可能也是宫颈癌的致癌重要因素之一。 相似文献
65.
本文在50例行肺切除术中,分别采集病肺、支气管切缘、健侧支气管内分泌物450份,做常规细菌和细菌L型培养及药敏试验。分离出需氧菌和真菌60株,厌氧菌12株、细菌L型42株。菌群主要分布在病肺内约占50%。需氧菌种中G+球菌占61.7%,葡萄球菌多见;其次G ̄+杆菌占23.3%,以肠杆菌科细菌为主。厌氧菌占细菌型16.7%。细菌L型特点与细菌型一致。围术期选择作用于细胞壁和细胞质的抗生素,以杀灭细菌型及细菌L型感染。 相似文献
66.
Bioreactors for surface-immobilized cells 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
P. T. Tyler W. G. W. Kurz N. L. Paiva S. Chavadej 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1995,42(1):81-90
Surface immobilization of plant cells avoids the problem of hydrodynamic or shear stress, which tends to be characteristic of suspended cells cultured in typical, mechanically agitated bioreactor systems. Surface immobilization also promotes the natural tendency for plant cells to aggregate, which may improve the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. In addition, exchange of medium is made simple in surface-immobilized systems, and extracellular secondary products are easily recovered on a continuous basis. However, problems related to regulation of the thickness of the immobilized cell layer, maintenance of the biomass in a productive condition, and vacuolar retention of secondary products have yet to be resolved satisfactorily. This review focusses on two surface-immobilization technologies, differing primarily in the nature and the configuration of the inert support. Prototypes of these designs have been applied to a variety of plant cell systems at bioreactor volumes up to 20 litres. Results obtained with several alternative technologies are also summarized.Abbreviations 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- SIPCB
surface-immobilized plant cell bioreactor
National Research Council of Canada publication no. 38460 相似文献
67.
Although bacterial species display wide variation in their overall GC contents, the genes within a particular species' genome
are relatively similar in base composition. As a result, sequences that are novel to a bacterial genome—i.e., DNA introduced
through recent horizontal transfer—often bear unusual sequence characteristics and can be distinguished from ancestral DNA.
At the time of introgression, horizontally transferred genes reflect the base composition of the donor genome; but, over time,
these sequences will ameliorate to reflect the DNA composition of the new genome because the introgressed genes are subject
to the same mutational processes affecting all genes in the recipient genome. This process of amelioration is evident in a
large group of genes involved in host-cell invasion by enteric bacteria and can be modeled to predict the amount of time required
after transfer for foreign DNA to resemble native DNA. Furthermore, models of amelioration can be used to estimate the time
of introgression of foreign genes in a chromosome. Applying this approach to a 1.43-megabase continuous sequence, we have
calculated that the entire Escherichia coli chromosome contains more than 600 kb of horizontally transferred, protein-coding DNA. Estimates of amelioration times indicate
that this DNA has accumulated at a rate of 31 kb per million years, which is on the order of the amount of variant DNA introduced
by point mutations. This rate predicts that the E. coli and Salmonella enterica lineages have each gained and lost more than 3 megabases of novel DNA since their divergence.
Received: 7 July 1996 / Accepted: 27 September 1996 相似文献
68.
Hiromichi Kawai Hitoshi Yasuda Masahiko Terada Mariko Omatsu-Kanbe Ryuichi Kikkawa 《Journal of neurochemistry》1997,69(1):330-339
Abstract: Three isoforms of catalytic α subunits and two isoforms of β subunits of Na+ ,K+ -ATPase were detected in rat sciatic nerves by western blotting. Unlike the enzyme in brain, sciatic nerve Na+ ,K+ -ATPase was highly resistant to ouabain. The ouabain-resistant α1 isoform was demonstrated to be the predominant form in rat intact sciatic nerve by quantitative densitometric analysis and is mainly responsible for sciatic nerve Na+ ,K+ -ATPase activity. After sciatic nerve injury, the α3 and β1 isoforms completely disappeared from the distal segment owing to Wallerian degeneration. In contrast, α2 and β2 isoform expression and Na+ ,K+ -ATPase activity sensitive to pyrithiamine (a specific inhibitor of the α2 isoform) were markedly increased in Schwann cells in the distal segment of the injured sciatic nerve. These latter levels returned to baseline with nerve regeneration. Our results suggest that α3 and β1 isoforms are exclusive for the axon and α2 and β2 isoforms are exclusive for the Schwann cell, although axonal contact regulates α2 and β2 isoform expressions. Because the β2 isoform of Na+ ,K+ -ATPase is known as an adhesion molecule on glia (AMOG), increased expression of AMOG/β2 on Schwann cells in the segment distal to sciatic nerve injury suggests that AMOG/β2 may act as an adhesion molecule in peripheral nerve regeneration. 相似文献
69.
Influence of iron depletion on growth kinetics, siderophore production, and protein expression of Staphylococcus aureus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract Growth rates, siderophore secretion, and bacterial proteins of two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were studied over 72 h of growth in iron-supplemented and iron-restricted chemically defined media. Under iron restriction the growth rates were decreased to different extents depending on the strain. Production of siderophore was detected in the mid-exponential and stationary phases of growth. The expression of iron-regulated proteins of 81, 23, and 17 kDa was time-dependent, associated with the same stage of growth, and might be involved in siderophore efficiency. 相似文献
70.
Pili of Pasteurella multocida of porcine origin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract Using electron microscopy, pili with at least two distinct morphologies were observed on strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from pigs with atrophic rhinitis. Rigid pili were found on 60–80% of all cells observed. These pili had a strong tendency to lie flat along the side of the outer cell membrane of P. multocida and as a result frequently were difficult to see. After growth in vitro, piliated P. multocida cells produced few pili (approx. 3–5 per cell). Heavily piliated cells were occasionally observed. The second type of pili were curly and also were difficult to visualize. Cells from cultures containing piliated cells failed to attach to red blood cells and to immobilized mucus. 相似文献