Systematic assessment of terrestrial biogeochemistry in coupled climate–carbon models

With representation of the global carbon cycle becoming increasingly complex in climate models, it is important to develop ways to quantitatively evaluate model performance against in situ and remote sensing observations. Here we present a systematic framework, the Carbon‐LAnd Model Intercomparison Project (C‐LAMP), for assessing terrestrial biogeochemistry models coupled to climate models using observations that span a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. As an example of the value of such comparisons, we used this framework to evaluate two biogeochemistry models that are integrated within the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) – Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford Approach′ (CASA′) and carbon–nitrogen (CN). Both models underestimated the magnitude of net carbon uptake during the growing season in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems, based on comparison with atmospheric CO₂ measurements and eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem exchange. Comparison with MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements show that this low bias in model fluxes was caused, at least in part, by 1–3 month delays in the timing of maximum leaf area. In the tropics, the models overestimated carbon storage in woody biomass based on comparison with datasets from the Amazon. Reducing this model bias will probably weaken the sensitivity of terrestrial carbon fluxes to both atmospheric CO₂ and climate. Global carbon sinks during the 1990s differed by a factor of two (2.4 Pg C yr^?1 for CASA′ vs. 1.2 Pg C yr^?1 for CN), with fluxes from both models compatible with the atmospheric budget given uncertainties in other terms. The models captured some of the timing of interannual global terrestrial carbon exchange during 1988–2004 based on comparison with atmospheric inversion results from TRANSCOM (r=0.66 for CASA′ and r=0.73 for CN). Adding (CASA′) or improving (CN) the representation of deforestation fires may further increase agreement with the atmospheric record. Information from C‐LAMP has enhanced model performance within CCSM and serves as a benchmark for future development. We propose that an open source, community‐wide platform for model‐data intercomparison is needed to speed model development and to strengthen ties between modeling and measurement communities. Important next steps include the design and analysis of land use change simulations (in both uncoupled and coupled modes), and the entrainment of additional ecological and earth system observations. Model results from C‐LAMP are publicly available on the Earth System Grid.     

长江口崇明东滩盐沼湿地围堤工程对底栖动物群落的影响

长江口崇明东滩盐沼湿地围堤工程是以清除入侵植物互花米草为目的而进行的生态修复工程。由于大型底栖动物可作为重要的环境指示生物,分析比较了围堤前后围堤工程内和工程外大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的变化。结果表明,在2013年围堤工程前和2016年围堤工程后两次调查共采集到大型底栖动物29种,分别隶属于无针纲、多毛纲、腹足纲、双壳纲、甲壳纲和昆虫纲。在2013和2016年围堤外光滩生境分别采集到底栖动物21种和27种,并且所有样线都表现出物种数量增加或持平;然而在围堤内区域,两条全封闭样线(样线2和样线3)由围堤前的12种减少到围堤后的6种,而在保留进出水口的半封闭样线1围堤内由围堤前7种增加到围堤后12种。底栖动物平均密度在半封闭样线1围堤内由围堤前的(75±0)个/m²增加到围堤后的(288±111)个/m²(P=0.091),在全封闭的样线2(2013:(120±17)个/m²; 2016:(7±7)个/m²)和样线3(2013:(359±20)个/m²; 2016:(93±93...     

The Disconnect Between Restoration Goals and Practices: A Case Study of Watershed Restoration in the Russian River Basin, California

Over the past two decades, watershed restoration has dramatically increased internationally. California has been at the forefront, allocating billions of dollars to restoration activities through legislation and voter-approved bonds. Yet, the implications of restoration remain ambiguous because there has been little examination of restoration accomplishments and almost no analysis of the political context of restoration. This article addresses these gaps, utilizing a case study of the Russian River basin in Northern California. We identify trends that shed light on both the ecological and the political implications of restoration at a basin scale by examining a database of 787 restoration projects implemented in the Russian River basin since the early 1980s. Although a total of over $47 million has been spent on restoration in the basin, dominant forms of restoration are limited in scope to small-scale projects that focus on technical solutions to site-specific problems. The majority of restoration efforts are devoted to road repair, riparian stabilization, and in-stream structures, accounting for 62% of all projects. These types of projects do not address the broader social drivers of watershed change such as land and water uses. We suggest that restoration can become more effective by addressing the entire watershed as a combination of social and ecological forces that interact to produce watershed conditions.     

浅谈网络分析法及其在古生物学中的应用

网络分析作为一种新的数据可视化途径和定量方法,能简化复杂系统而发现元素间的关系模式。它在定量社会科学、计算机科学与机器学习等领域均有众多应用实例。近年来,在古生物学,特别是古生物地理学相关研究中逐渐受到关注。本文介绍了网络的基本构成、常见网络类型及其数据储存方式、以及网络分析中的重要参数及其定义,同时给出了两种实现网络分析的方法及相关工具,即Gephi软件与R语言平台。通过分析比较两种方法的步骤及结果,发现Gephi虽成图简洁美观,但算法功能有限,且无法完成成图前的数据处理以及成图后的多元分析,因而最终推荐使用R语言编程进行网络分析。本文以奥陶纪末大灭绝后复苏期全球腕足动物数据为例,详细展现了利用R语言及其应用包"igraph"编程进行网络分析的过程,并实现了古生物地理学数据资料的处理以及网络分析图件的绘制。希望对即将接触此类工具的古生物学科研人员在进行网络分析时提供借鉴与参考。     

土地整理工程影响下农业生态系统服务价值的变化

以重庆市合川土地整理项目区为例,对项目区整理前（2003年）、后（2007年）农业生态系统功能的变化进行量化描述,将工程设计和影子价格法相结合对干扰功能进行了量化,并采用成本效益分析法进一步解释生态系统功能的经济学意义,分析了工程影响下区域农业生态系统服务价值的变化.结果表明：与土地整理之前相比,研究区农业生态系统服务价值在整理后有所改善,其中增幅最大的是养分循环功能,变化最小的是土壤保持功能;在土地整理项目中,农田水利、田间道路和土地平整工程带来的生态服务价值改变主要体现为干扰能的变化.项目建成后第7年到第35年,研究区成本效益率处于高速增长期,之后趋于稳定,表现为较弱的生态压力和较少的生态服务价值损失,有利于区域生态环境的改善.     

Nodal基因的第一内含子中存在着顺式调控增强子元件

小鼠ｎｏｄａｌ基因是在胚胎发育时期表达的一个基因,它在原肠期起着重要作用,并且参与左－右体轴的决定,４１３－ｄ小鼠胚胎干细胞系３５６３在ｎｏｄａｌ基因的第一内含子中含有单拷贝逆转录病毒的插入。采用定量ＲＮａｓｅ保护法比较了该细胞系及其母源ＥＳ细胞ＣＣＥ中ｎｏｄａｌ基因的表达量,ＣＣＥ细胞中ｎｏｄａｌ ｍＲＮＡ的含量是３５６３ＥＳ细胞含量的２．３倍。这一结果提示原病毒在ｎｏｄａｌ基因第一内含子中的整     

Improving drought stress tolerance in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) by exogenous melatonin

Abstract

The present study was conducted to determine the changes which occurred in the water-stressed fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.) in response to melatonin treatment. Fenugreek is a valuable medicinal plant which contains trigonelline that plays an osmoregulatory role in abiotic stress. To this end, the effects of three levels of water deficit in the first experiment and four concentrations of melatonin in the second experiment were investigated on the physiological and biochemical responses. The findings of the first experiment demonstrated that water deficit decreased the weight and length of fenugreek shoots as well as pigments contents, and catalase activity. In addition, such a deficit led to an increase in proline, trigonelline, melatonin and enhanced the activity of other antioxidant enzymes. Finally, the hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde concentrations increased under severe stress. The results of the second experiment indicated that melatonin treatment significantly reduced chlorophyll degradation. Furthermore, the activities of the ROS scavenging enzymes were increased by melatonin. Moreover, exogenous melatonin led to an increase in endogenous melatonin and trigonelline whereas it led to a decrease in proline content. These results revealed that fenugreek tolerated water deficit by increasing the endogenous melatonin and trigonelline, as well as the general physiological responses.     

Effect of water stress on germination of some Hungarian wheat landraces varieties

In order to examine germination characters, seedling parameters, water relative content, tolerance index and enzyme activities of seven Hungarian wheat landraces varieties (Tiszadadai, Riscsei, Komloi, Leweucei, Mateteleki, Mikebudai and Nyiradi) under five concentrations of water stress (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). A laboratory experiment has been conducted through Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four repetitions at Research Institute of Nyiregyhaza, Hungary. From the obtained results, Leweucei variety was surpassed other studied verities under study and recorded the highest values of all studied characters followed by Mateteleki, Komloi, Nyiradi, Riscsei, Tiszadadai and Mikebudai. Increasing water stress (PEG-6000) from 0 to 6, 12, 18 and 24% significantly reduced germination characters, seedlings parameters, water relative content (WRC), tolerance index and α and β-amylases activities. Generally, under water stress condition, Leweucei and Mateteleki varieties were recorded the highest values of water relative content (WRC), tolerance index (TI) and α and β-amylases activities as well as able to prompt better drought tolerance and could be suggested as a good resource for breeding programs and cultivation under drought stress conditions compared with other wheat landraces varieties.