北方农牧交错带农村居民食物消费特征

北方农牧交错带是我国典型生态脆弱区之一,恶劣的自然环境和落后的基础条件制约着生产和消费的发展。自2000年起,当地实施了一系列生态工程措施,引导农牧民由粗放型生产经营方式向集约型转变,改善区域生态环境的同时也优化了农牧业生产格局,居民食物消费结构随之改变。由于入户跟踪调查数据较难获取,现有食物消费研究缺少长时间尺度的消费特征变化研究,且农区和牧区的对比研究较少。以赤峰和鄂尔多斯为例,采用基于随机抽样调查方法收集的食物消费面板数据,对比研究2000—2020年典型农牧交错区的食物消费类型、结构及其数量变化。结果表明：生态工程实施以来,农牧居民食物消费种类趋于多样化,但消费结构不尽合理。赤峰趋于传统农区以谷类为主的消费结构,其谷类消费正在稳步减少,其他食物类型的消费增加;鄂尔多斯表现为多粮肉、少果蔬的消费结构,兼具农牧区的消费特点,其谷类和畜肉消费的年际波动较大,体现出传统牧区粗放式经营下产出不稳定的特点。食物消费总量持续增长,截至2020年,农牧居民谷类消费偏多,肉蛋类、豆类和食用油消费较为适度,薯类和果蔬类消费不足,奶类消费涨幅虽十分突出,但仍比我国膳食标准低20倍以上,因此减少谷类消...     

Genetic-based signatures of the latitudinal differences in chronotype

The natural cycles of night and day, and their length, remain stable in near-equatorial African regions but they vary with latitude and season in Eurasia. This new environmental factor might shape the adaptation of circadian rhythms of Eurasians after the out-of-African dispersal of their African ancestors. To identify the genetic-based signatures of this adaptation, geographic variation in allele frequencies of more than 2300 genetic variants was analyzed using data from 5 African and 11 Eurasian populations of the 1000 Genomes Project. The genetic signatures of latitude-dependent polygenic selection were found more frequently within non-coding DNA regions associated with morningness–eveningness in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) than among polymorphisms hinted by GWASs of other traits/diseases and among polymorphisms sampled from pseudogenes and from protein-coding regions in either circadian clock genes or reference genes. Some of such variants were located within the introgressions of the Neanderthal’s genome into the genomes of Eurasians.     

生态修复项目成本-效益动态评估

生态系统服务价值评估是全球生态学和经济学研究的热点领域,然而,多数学者在开展生态系统服务价值估算时忽略了生态系统在提供服务时所需要的成本或者仅仅计算了部分成本;生态系统服务净价值评估方法虽然对生态系统服务价值评估方法进行了改进,但没有考虑生态修复项目实施前和实施后土地景观变化引起净价值的变化,获得的结果只能反映土地利用的静态效益,不能反映生态修复项目引起土地变更的成本-收益动态变化。因此,构建基于生态系统服务和投入产出相结合的生态修复项目成本-效益动态评估新方法,是生态修复研究领域的重要科学问题。为了弥补这一领域的不足,该研究构建了生态工程成本-效益动态评估新方法,并以三北防护林、天然林保护、退耕还林工程为研究案例,验证了这一评估方法。结果表明,与项目实施前相比,三北防护林、天然林保护、退耕还林工程每年增加的净收益分别为 461.7×10⁹、2930.5×10⁹、530.1×10⁹ 元,收益率分别为29.3%、328.9%、77.0%。六种典型生态修复措施中退耕地种植经济林、荒地种植经济林和天然植被恢复能够在每个省产生净收益,荒地造林、飞播造林和退耕还林的实施会在部分地区产生损耗。依据成本-效益动态评估方法核算的结果可以帮助政府部门选择最佳土地利用和保护措施,最大限度地提高生态修复项目的生态经济效益。由于不同地区社会经济条件和资源禀赋存在较大差异,尊重区域差异因地制宜的生态修复非常必要。     

高山离子芥试管苗在PEG-6000模拟干旱条件下的生理响应

以高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)为试材,采用固液培养法,设置对照(不添加PEG-6000,CK)、5%PEG-6000、10%PEG-6000、20%PEG-6000、40%PEG-6000五个干旱处理水平,研究了不同浓度PEG-6000模拟干旱环境下,对高山离子芥幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,随着不同的处理时间,脯氨酸含量始终保持上升的趋势且含量显著高于对照;可溶性蛋白的含量也有波动,呈现先上升后下降的趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量,随着时间的延长,呈现先升高再下降的趋势且含量显著高于对照。幼苗叶片叶绿素总含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在浓度为40%PEG-6000胁迫下,叶绿素总含量均显著低于对照;叶绿素a则有显著降低的趋势;叶绿素b在浓度为5%PEG-6000胁迫下显著升高,在浓度为10%、20%、40%PEG-6000胁迫下也呈现显著升高的趋势;但其含量总体低于叶绿素a;Chla/Chlb的值经历了先升高后下降的趋势且均高于对照。在各浓度及不同时间处理胁迫下,高山离子芥叶片K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量有明显波动:K+、Ca2在5%和10%PEG-6000胁迫6、12、24、48、72h后均显著高于对照,而40%PEG-6000胁迫后均显著低于对照。Na+在5%PEG-6000各时间段胁迫后含量较对照有所增加,在其它浓度和时间处理下其含量均低于对照;而Mg2+含量在40%PEG-6000胁迫下虽有下降趋势但均显著高于对照。表明在干旱胁迫下,高山离子芥通过改变渗透调节物、光合系统中叶绿素含量及离子含量等,启动应对外界干旱环境的耐旱响应机制,从生理角度揭示了高山离子芥响应耐旱的生理生态机理。     

宁夏扶贫扬黄灌溉工程环境移民及影响评价

宁夏扶贫扬黄灌溉工程环境移民及影响评价王谋孙丽波（宁夏环境保护研究所，银川７５００２１）（西北轴承集团职工医院，银川７５００２１）马柯（宁夏环境监测中心站，银川７５００２１）ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＩｍｍｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｕｍｐｉｎｇＷａｔｅ...     

Chemotaxis and cell differentiation in Dictyostelium

Dictyostelium genome sequencing predicts an unexpectedly large number of genes. Many are absent from yeast but present in animals and presumably support cellular abilities not found in yeast. Prominent amongst these abilities is chemotaxis, where great strides are being made in understanding how cells orient in a gradient and mobilise their cytoskeleton for movement. In multicellular development, a regulatory scheme for proportioning prespore and prestalk-O cells has emerged.     

DNA barcoding of flowering plants in Sumatra,Indonesia

The rapid conversion of Southeast Asian lowland rainforests into monocultures calls for the development of rapid methods for species identification to support ecological research and sustainable land‐use management. Here, we investigated the utilization of DNA barcodes for identifying flowering plants from Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 1,207 matK barcodes (441 species) and 2,376 rbcL barcodes (750 species) were successfully generated. The barcode effectiveness is assessed using four approaches: (a) comparison between morphological and molecular identification results, (b) best‐close match analysis with TaxonDNA, (c) barcoding gap analysis, and (d) formation of monophyletic groups. Results show that rbcL has a much higher level of sequence recoverability than matK (95% and 66%). The comparison between morphological and molecular identifications revealed that matK and rbcL worked best assigning a plant specimen to the genus level. Estimates of identification success using best‐close match analysis showed that >70% of the investigated species were correctly identified when using single barcode. The use of two‐loci barcodes was able to increase the identification success up to 80%. The barcoding gap analysis revealed that neither matK nor rbcL succeeded to create a clear gap between the intraspecific and interspecific divergences. However, these two barcodes were able to discriminate at least 70% of the species from each other. Fifteen genera and twenty‐one species were found to be nonmonophyletic with both markers. The two‐loci barcodes were sufficient to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among the plant taxa in the study area that are congruent with the broadly accepted APG III phylogeny.     

干旱胁迫对高山离子芥试管苗抗氧化系统及其活性氧代谢的影响

该试验以高山离子芥试管苗(Chorispora bungeana)为试材,采用固液培养法,设置对照(不添加PEG-6000,CK),轻度干旱胁迫(5%PEG-6000)、中度干旱胁迫(20%PEG-6000)、重度干旱胁迫(40%PEG-6000)4个干旱处理水平,分析干旱胁迫对高山离子芥幼苗抗氧化系统、活性氧代谢等部分生理特征的影响,以揭示高山离子芥在干旱胁迫下的生理响应特征,为进一步探讨其对干旱环境的适应机制奠定基础。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加以及在各时间胁迫处理下,抗氧化酶SOD活性及可溶性糖含量显著升高,POD活性、丙二醛含量、CAT活性和APX活性均经历了先升后降的过程。(2)超氧阴离子(O-·2)的产生速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)的含量均显著升高;高山离子芥试管苗叶片相对电导率呈现出升-降-升的变化趋势。(3)相关分析结果显示,MDA与相对电导率、可溶性糖、SOD、APX、O-·2及H2O2呈极显著正相关关系,可溶性糖与SOD、POD、O-·2及H2O2呈极显著正相关关系;相对电导率以及保护酶系均与O-·2、H2O2呈极显著正相关关系。研究表明,高山离子芥具有较强的耐旱性,高山离子芥试管苗在响应干旱胁迫过程中,抗氧化酶系、活性氧代谢、脂质过氧化及渗透调节物等共同参与了高山离子芥试管苗对干旱胁迫的综合抗逆性形成,从而积极启动应对外界干旱环境的耐旱响应机制。     

2014年度国家自然科学基金微生物学学科项目资助概况和分析

本文介绍了2014年度国家自然科学基金微生物学学科项目申请、受理和资助概况,分析了各分支学科和各类别项目申请的特点和存在的问题,介绍了评审会前网络投票试点的做法,以期为科研人员今后的项目申请提供参考。     

提高学生编程能力的研究——以湖北中医学院教学为例

针对目前高校在计算机程序设计教学中存在的学生编程能力差的普遍问题,结合本专业特点,以及笔者从事教学多年的实践经验,介绍了几点提高学生编程能力的体会,并给出了一个实际可行的方案。