Morphological aspects of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system

Summary The ultrastructure of the tanycyte ependyma in male 160–180 g Wistar albino rats was studied under normal conditions and in experiments involving long-term suppression of ACTH secretion and its long-term stimulation. The former was accomplished by daily (for 8 days) intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone phosphate at low (5 g/100 g) and high (100 g/100 g) concentrations. The effectiveness of suppression of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal system in the experimental animals was judged by their reaction to two-minute ether stress (determination of plasma corticosterone) and by the results of measurement of the adrenal weights. Stimulation of ACTH secretion was achieved by bilateral adrenalectomy; the animals were examined on days 8, 10, 14, and 22 following the operation. The results obtained were in agreement with the previously established fact that there is a negative correlation between tanycyte activity and hypophyseal adrenocorticotrophic function (Akmayev and Fidelina, 1974). They also testified to the predominant involvement of the median eminence tanycyte ependyma (beta-tanycytes according to the authors' nomenclature) in these relationships.It is supposed that these correlations are regulated by a feedback mechanism and attest to the involvement of beta-tanycytes in the inhibiting control of hypophyseal adrenocorticotrophic function. The mechanism of this control may be explained alternatively: either the tanycytes transport ACTH-suppressing substances (catecholamines, corticosteroids, ACTH) from the CSF to the hypophyseal portal system or they themselves secrete substances possessing ACTH-suppressive activity. The authors distinguish several types of vesicles in the beta-tanycytes, the number of which changed with experimentally induced shifts in hypophyseal adrenocorticotrophic function. These vesicles are discussed in connection with the transport and secretory activity of the tanycytes and are considered to be a possible substrate of the hypothalamic inhibiting effect on ACTH secretion.     

ATP-dependent strontium uptake by basolateral membrane vesicles from rat renal cortex in the absence or presence of calcium

ATP-dependent Sr²⁺ transport was examined in vitro using basolateral membrane (BLM) vesicles isolated from rat renal cortex to clarify the discrimination mechanisms between strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) in renal tubules during reabsorption. ATP-dependent Sr²⁺ uptake and Ca²⁺ uptake were observed in renal BLM vesicles and were inhibited by vanadate. Hill plots indicate similar kinetic behavior for Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ uptake. The apparentK _m andV _max of ATP-dependent Sr²⁺ uptake were both higher than those for Ca²⁺ uptake. ATP-dependent Sr²⁺ uptake by BLM vesicles diminished in the presence of 0.1 μM Ca²⁺ and was more markedly inhibited by 1 μM Ca²⁺. Hill plots of Sr²⁺ uptake data with and without 0.1 μM Ca²⁺ showed that the cooperative behavior of Sr²⁺ uptake was not changed by Ca²⁺. In the presence of 0.1 μM Ca²⁺, the affinity of the transport system for Sr²⁺ and the velocity of Sr²⁺ uptake in the BLM were both decreased. However, the rate of Ca²⁺ uptake was not diminished by Sr²⁺ concentrations of <1.6 μM. These results suggest that Ca²⁺ is preferentially transported in the renal cortex BLM when Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ are present at the same time.     

Influence of thyroparathyroidectomy and thyroxine replacement on CU and ZN cellular distribution and on the metallothionein level and induction in rats

Thyroid hormones are involved in copper and zinc distribution in rat tissues. We examined the influence of thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTY) and of a replacement therapy by T4 on Cu and Zn organ distribution. MT levels were also measured both in basal conditions and after induction by cadmium. The results confirm that a lack of T4 modified Cu and Zn in serum and tissues. In serum, TPTY increased Cu (+15%) and ceruloplasmin (+18%), and decreased Zn (−18%). In tissues, Cu was altered in liver (+13%), kidney (−24%), heart (−16%) duodenum (−18%), and Zn in liver (+25%) and kidney (−10%). The soluble fractions (100,000 g supernatant) were mainly affected in liver and kidney, and the subcellular fractions in heart and duodenum. MT levels were modified in basal conditions only in liver (+57%) and kidney (−36%). T4 administration partially prevented the effect of TPTY on both elements and MT concentrations. Therefore, no evidence is provided for a direct role of T4 in the metabolism of MT in a way comparable to the effects of glucocorticoids. However, MT could mediate the consequences of TPTY on metal distribution in certain organs, such as liver and kidney.     

DNA,RNA, protein and DNases in developing rat cerebellum: Effects of early postnatal nutritional deprivation

The effect of early postnatal undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation on wet weight, DNA, RNA, protein and the activities of acid and alkaline DNases in the cerebellar region of rat brain was studied. The cerebellar region was found to be affected significantly during early undernutrition. Further, earlier the initiation of nutritional rehabilitation the better was the recovery and in some cases timely nutritional rehabilitation resulted in better than normal biochemical composition of the brain. The specific activities of acid and alkaline DNases were not affected by early undernutrition. However, the total activities of these enzymes were significantly low in undernourished rats (R1₁₅ and R₂₁) Rehabilitation of these deprived groups upto 150 days resulted in higher amounts of these enzymes as compared to those of age-matched controls. It is concluded that the two DNases, are synthesized in a preferential manner during rehabilitation, It is further concluded that cerebellar region, in terms of development schedule and response to imposed calorie restriction, is intermediary between grey and white matter regions.     

Nucleotide sequence of Rattus norvegiens mitochondrial DNA that includes the genes for tRNAile, tRNAgln and tRNAf-met

The nucleotide sequence of a segment of mtDNA from Rattus norvegiens (rat) which contains the genes for tRNA^ile, tRNA^gl and tRNA^f-met has been determined. A detailed comparison has been made between this sequence and the corresponding sequences of mouse, human and bovine mtDNAs with regard to the primary and secondary structure of the tRNA genes, the regions connecting the tRNA genes, and the regions flanking the tRNA genes which code for the carboxyl terminus of URF-1 and the amino terminus of URF-2. No differences were found in the nucleotide sequences of the genes for tRNA^ile, tRNA^gln and tRNA^f-met in mtDNAs from three different female lines of rats (SASCO-1, SASCO-2 and Wild-UT) that differ by substitutions of 0.8% to 1.8% of their total nucleotides.     

Developmental patterns of ornithine decarboxylase activity in organogenesis phase rat embryos in culture and in utero

Summary Ornithine decarboxylase activity was measured during organogenesis in rat embryos grown in utero and whole rat conceptuses maintained in an in vitro culture system. Ornithine decarboxylase levels in vivo showed a distinct peak at embryonic age 10.5 d. Despite identical morphology, protein content, crown rump length and numbers of somites cultured embryos displayed a different developmental pattern and possessed less than half the ODC activity of that in vivo. The data suggest that the normal embryonic programming of ODC activity is significantly altered by the culture environment and that further biochemical comparisons of embryos growing in utero and in vitro may be required to evaluate properly the applicability of this technique to detailed studies of teratogenesis and developmental biology. This work was supported by NIH-5-507-RR5359-17 and a 1980 Research Starter Grant from the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association Foundation.     

Ultrastructural cytochemistry of atrial muscle cells

Summary Sections of atrial cardiocytes from young rats were subjected to radioautography after a single intravenous injection of L-leucine-4,5 ³H to identify the sites of synthesis and to follow the migration of newly-formed proteins. As early as 2 min after injection of L-leucine ³H, the label was highest in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), suggesting that cisternal ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. By 5 min, most of the label had migrated from the RER to the Golgi complex. Some label was already present over specific granules by 2 min but the peak was reached at 1 h. By 4 h, the label over the specific granules had diminished, possibly indicating a release of newly-synthetized secretory material outside the cell. The label over myofilaments and Z-bands was relatively high at most time intervals, suggesting an early and important incorporation of leucine into the contractile and structural proteins of these organelles. The label over the cytosol was initially high and increased even further at 5 and 20 min but decreased to a very low level at 4 h. In contrast, the label over the cell surface rose continuously and peaked at 4 h. The pattern of increment of the label over the cell surface suggests that the newly-formed proteins of these sites are also synthetized in the RER, pass through the Golgi complex and are transported in the cytosol before reaching their destination.     

Synchronization of 9L rat brain tumor cells by centrifugal elutriation

Asynchronous 9L cells were separated into relatively homogeneously-sized populations using centrifugal elutriation with both a conventional collection method and a long collection method. A substantial increase in the homogeneity of the volume distributions and in the degree of synchrony of the separated fractions was obtained using the long collection method. Autoradiographic data indicated that fractions containing ≥97% G₁ cells, ≥80% S cells, and 70–75% G₂ cells could be routinely recovered with this procedure. Recovery in these fractions varied from 5 to 8% of the total number of cells elutriated. The colony forming efficiency (CFE) of cells from fractions representing each phase of the cell cycle was a constant 60–70%, which was comparable to the 60–80% usually found for asynchronous 9L cells. The percentage of cells in the G₁, S, and G₂ phases in the elutriated fractions was more accurately determined from the volume distribution than from computer fits of the DNA histogram obtained from flow cytometry. In general, the degree of synchrony was related to the coefficient of variation (CV) of the volume distributions of the elutriated fractions. The CV was about 14% for all elutriated fractions. When the ≥97% G₁ population was allowed to progress to S and G₂, the CVs were about 17 and 20.2%, respectively. Thus, the best nonperturbing method for obtaining synchronous 9L cells in the S or G₂ phases was direct elutriation with the long collection method.     

Neuroglandular contacts between vasopressin-reactive fibers and cells of the pars tuberalis in the rat

Summary In electron micrographs fibers containing vasopressin-immunoreactive elementary granules 100–120 nm in diameter are observed within the basal lamina of the adenohypophyseal pars tuberalis adjacent to the rostral portion of the median eminence. The concept of a neuroglandular transmitter function of vasopressin is discussed.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Grant Nr. Kr. 569/2) and the Stiftung VolkswagenwerkThe excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Helga Prien is thankfully acknowledged