Flyway population delineation in Taiga Bean Geese Anser fabalis fabalis revealed by multi‐element feather stable isotope analysis

Fundamental to effective management of migratory waterbird populations is an understanding of their flyway delineation. Taiga Bean Geese Anser fabalis fabalis wintering in NW Denmark, Scotland and England are considered to originate from northern and central Sweden, southern and central Norway (‘Western flyway’), those wintering in southern Sweden, NE and southern Denmark are considered to originate from northern Fennoscandia and western Russia (‘Central flyway’), and those wintering in eastern Germany and Poland (which show far less favourable conservation status) are thought to come from western Siberia (‘Eastern 1 flyway’), although evidence to demonstrate this has largely been lacking. Evidence for different natal and moult origins of Taiga Bean Geese was investigated using stable isotope analyses of feathers of four elements (δ²H, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and δ³⁴S). There were significant differences in isotopic composition of feathers from Swedish (Central) and German (Eastern 1) wintering populations and those moulting in Sweden in late summer (Western), which validated the three proposed major management flyway units above. The strong continental gradient in the stable hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation (δ²H_p) across the region was used to assign wintering birds geospatially to natal and moulting origin, indicating separate natal and moulting areas for German (n = 37, from western Siberia) and Swedish (n = 20, Fennoscandia and more western Russia) wintering birds. These results confirm the largely discrete nature of these three flyways and contribute significantly to our ability to deliver effective targeted and appropriate research, monitoring and management actions throughout the ranges of these flyways.     

Comparative molecular mapping in Ceratotropis species using an interspecific cross between azuki bean (Vigna angularis) and rice bean (V. umbellata)

A genetic linkage map was developed with 86 F₂ plants derived from an interspecific cross between azuki bean (Vigna angularis, 2n=2x=22) and rice bean (V. umbellata, 2n=2x=22). In total, 14 linkage groups, each containing more than 4 markers, were constructed with one phenotypic, 114 RFLP and 74 RAPD markers. The total map size was 1702 cM, and the average distance between markers was 9.7 cM. The loci showing significant deviation from the expected ratio clustered in several linkage groups. Most of the skewed loci were due to the predominance of rice bean alleles. The azuki-rice bean linkage map was compared with other available maps of Vigna species in subgenus Ceratotropis. Based on the lineage of the common mapped markers, 7 and 16 conserved linkage blocks were found in the interspecific map of azuki bean ×V. nakashimae and mungbean map, respectively. Although the present map is not fully saturated, it may facilitate gene tagging, QTL mapping and further useful gene transfer for azuki bean breeding. Received: 20 March 1999 / Accepted: 29 April 1999     

二氧化硫对墨西哥豆瓢虫的影响

空气污染对害虫的影响,国内尚无研究报道。本文报道了作者在美国农业研究中心植物胁迫实验室进行的部分工作。实验结果表明,在0.30ppmSO_2的作用下,墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis)的取食量和蛹重增加;与未受污染的寄主植物相比,豆瓢虫偏食受污染的植物;而且有嗜食含较高糖分寄主植物的倾向;在污染空气中长成的成虫可消耗更多的植物物质。     

Organogenesis of Phaseolus angularis L.: high efficiency of adventitious shoot regeneration from etiolated seedlings in the presence of N6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron

A step-wise procedure for the regeneration of fertile plants by organogenesis from cultures of the economically important Phaseolus angularis L., cultivars: KS-6, KS-7 and KS-8 using etiolated seedlings was established. Pre-culture of 5-day old seedling explants with MS (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol Plant 15:473–493) + B₅-vitamins (Gamborg et al. (1968) Exp Cell Res 50:151–158) liquid medium containing either 5.0 μM TDZ or 5.0 μM BAP under dark condition was essential for organogenesis. Bud growth and shoot multiplication were stimulated by reducing the BAP concentrations from 5.0 to 2.5 μM after 3 weeks. The maximum frequency of shoot induction was 65.2% (33.8 ± 2.54 shoots/explant) in cultivar KS-8 followed by KS-7 34.6% (23.4 ± 1.91 shoots/explant) and KS-6 30.6% (21.2 ± 2.28 shoots/explant). The multiplied buds elongated after transferring to solid MSB₅ medium supplemented with 4.0 μM GA₃, 12.5 μM AgNO₃ and 0.4 μM IBA. Up to 98% rooting efficiency of was obtained when the shoots were pulse-treated with liquid medium containing 4.5 μM IBA for 10 min. The rooted plantlets were transferred to pots in the greenhouse, where they grew, mature, flowered and bared pod normally. The efficient shoot bud induction capability was found to be cultivar dependent. All the three cultivars tested formed multiple shoots. This efficient and rapid regeneration system may also be helpful for Agrobacterium- or particle gun-mediated transformation for this important legume crop.     

新疆石河子地区印度麻花叶病植株病毒分离物的鉴定

1984年,从新疆石河子农学院实验站印度麻花叶病植株上,分离到一株病毒分离物Sc-1,经汁液摩擦接种试验表明,它可以侵染10种豆科植物和2种藜科植物。在印度麻、蚕豆、豌豆、箭舌豌豆、扁豆、山藜豆、田菁和红三叶草上引起系统花叶,在豇豆上产生局部枯斑和系统花叶,在苋色藜、昆诺藜上表现为系统黄斑。失毒温度为55～60℃,稀释限点10~(-3)～10~(-4),体外保毒期3～4天。可经汁液和蚜虫传播,不通过种子传毒。病毒粒体为线条状,大小为13～15×750nm。光学显微镜检查可见,病叶表皮细胞内形成不定形的内含体。电镜下可见风轮状、环状内含体。分离物Sc-1与菜豆黄色花叶病毒(BYMV)抗血清呈阳性反应。我们将Sc-1归为菜豆黄色花叶病毒(BYMV),且为豇豆株系。     

A quantitative determination of photochemical and non-photochemical quenching during the slow phase of the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve of bean leaves

Estimations of the changes in the reduction-oxidation state of Photosystem II electron acceptors in Phaseolus vulgaris leaves were made during the slow decline in chlorophyll fluorescence emission from the maximal level at P to the steady-state level at T. The relative contributions of photochemical and non-photochemical processes to the fluorescence quenching were determined from these data. At a low photon flux density of 100 μmol · m^?2 · s^?1, non-photochemical quenching was the major contributor to the fluorescence decline from P to T, although large charges were observed in photochemical quenching immediately after P. On increasing the light intensity 10-fold, the contribution of photochemical processes to fluorescence quenching was markedly diminished, with nearly all the P-to-T fluorescence decline being attributable to changes in non-photochemical quenching. The possible factors responsible for changes in non-photochemical quenching within the leaves are discussed.     

Evidence on the mechanism of enhanced sucrose uptake at low cell turgor in leaf discs of Phaseolus coccinius

Plants often tolerate water deficits by lowering the osmotic potential of their cell sap. This may be achieved by accumulation of solutes which results in the maintenance of a positive turgor potential. In this study, the effect of water deficit on sugar uptake was investigated in leaf discs of Phaseolus coccinius L. (cv. Scarlet). Evidence is presented that cell turgor affects the kinetics of sugar transport at the membrane level. Uptake kinetics of sucrose, glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose by tissues equilibrated in solutions of relatively high (200–400 mOsm) osmotic concentration consisted of a sat-urable and a linear component. Low external osmotic concentration i.e., high cellular turgor inhibited the saturating component of sucrose uptake, resulting in a linear uptake profile. However, high cell turgor had no effect on glucose or 3-O-methyl glucose uptake kinetics. The effect of turgor versus osmotic component of water potential was differentiated by comparing responses to non-penetrating (manmtol) or polyethylene glycol, (3350) and penetrating (ethylene glycal) osmotica. Changes in sucrose uptake rates and kinetics were due to changes in cellular turgor and not osmotic potential. Furthermore, at low cellular turgor, a net increase in sucrose uptake occurred as a consequence of enhanced influx rates and not as a result of reduced efflux rates. The data are consistent with previous findings that sugar uptake rates are enhanced under low turgor. We present first evidence indicating that the mechanism by which higher rates of sucrose uptake are maintained underwater deficit conditions is by the activation of the saturable transport system. This mechanism supports previous suggestions that changes in cell turgor are sensed and manifested at the membrane level.     

Response of net photosynthesis in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves to the elevation of the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Golden Saxa) plants were grown under low artificial light or under natural daylight. The rate of net photosynthesis (P_N) was measured at: CO₂ partial pressure, p(CO₂), of 0.03, 0.09 or 0.15 kPa; O₂ partial pressure, p(O₂), of 2, 21 or 31 kPa and at light intensities of 350 or 1000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (photosynthetically active radiation). In plants which had been grown under natural light, stimulation of P_N at 21 kPa p(O₂) was found only at elevated p(CO₂) and high light. It is proposed that this phenomenon is dependent on a high capacity of the photosynthetic apparatus to regenerate ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate.