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71.
Environmental stress can alter genetic variation and covariation underlying functional traits, and thus affect adaptive evolution in response to natural selection. However, the genetic basis of functional traits is rarely examined in contrasting resource environments, and consequently, there is no consensus regarding whether environmental stress constrains or facilitates adaptive evolution. We tested whether resource availability affects genetic variation for and covariation among seven physiological traits and seven morphological/performance traits by growing the annual grass Avena barbata in dry and well-watered treatments. We found that differences in the overall genetic variance–covariance ( G ) matrix between environments were driven by physiological traits rather than morphology and performance traits. More physiological traits were heritable in the dry treatment than the well-watered treatment and many of the genetic correlations among physiological traits were environment dependent. In contrast, genetic variation and covariation among the morphological and performance traits did not differ across treatments. Furthermore, genetic correlations between physiology and performance were stronger in the dry treatment, which contributed to differences in the overall G -matrix. Our results therefore suggest that physiological adaptation would be constrained by low heritable variation in resource-rich environments, but facilitated by higher heritable variation and stronger genetic correlations with performance traits in resource-poor environments.  相似文献   
72.
High irradiance and moderate heat inhibit the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus of oat (Avena sativa L.) leaves. The incubation of oat leaves under high light intensity in conjunction with high temperatures strongly decreased the maximal quantum yield of photosystem (PS) II, indicating the close synergistic effect of both stress factors on PS II inhibition and the subsequent irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. The PS I A/B protein levels remained similar to control values in leaves incubated under high light intensity or moderate heat, and decreased only when both stress factors were simultaneously applied. Immunoblot analysis of thylakoid membranes using specific antibodies raised against the NDH-K subunit of the thylakoidal NADH dehydrogenase complex (NADH DH) and against plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) revealed an increase in the amount of both proteins in response to high light intensity and/or heat treatments. In addition, these stress treatments were seen to stimulate the activity of electron donation by NADPH and ferredoxin to plastoquinone, the PTOX activity in plastoquinone oxidation and the NADH DH activity in thylakoid membranes. Incubation with n-propyl gallate (an inhibitor of PTOX) inhibited the increase of NDH-K and PTOX levels under high light intensity and heat, and slightly stimulated the activity of electron donation by NADPH and ferredoxin to plastoquinone. Antimycin A (an inhibitor of cyclic electron flow) increased the NADH DH activity and preserved the levels of NDH-K and PTOX in thylakoid membranes from leaves incubated under high light intensity and heat. The up-regulation of the PTOX and the thylakoidal NADH DH complex under these stress conditions supports a role for chlororespiration in the protection against high irradiance and moderate heat.  相似文献   
73.
Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are a group of enzymes that protect cells against oxidative damage generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). GPX catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or organic hydroperoxides to water or alcohols by reduced glutathione. The presence of GPXs in plants has been reported by several groups, but the roles of individual members of this family in a single plant species have not been studied. Two GPX cDNAs were isolated and characterized from the embryogenic callus of Panax ginseng. The two cDNAs had an open reading frame (ORF) of 723 and 681 bp with a deduced amino acid sequence of 240 and 226 residues, respectively. The calculated molecular mass of the matured proteins are approximately 26.4 kDa or 25.7 kDa with a predicated isoelectric point of 9.16 or 6.11, respectively. The two PgGPXs were elevated strongly by salt stress and chilling stress in a ginseng seedling. In addition, the two PgGPXs showed different responses against biotic stress. The positive responses of PgGPX to the environmental stimuli suggested that ginseng GPX may help to protect against environmental stresses.  相似文献   
74.
Light inhibits while carbon dioxide enhances the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene in oat ( Avena sativa L. cv. Victory) leaf segments. The possibility that the light inhibition is mediated through changes of carbon dioxide has been investigated. The level of CO2 increases or decreases in the sealed incubation vial in darkness or in light, respectively, which can apparently account for the differences in ACC-dependent ethylene production between the dark and light treatments. However, although the evolution of ethylene from ACC in the dark is reduced upon depletion of CO2, the difference between light and dark is still very noticeable. Moreover, the production of the ethylene in CO2-free air in the dark was still higher than in the light, where the concentration of CO2 was 0.01%. It is proposed that the light effect on the conversion of ACC to ethylene is composed of two distinguishable components: one CO2-mediated and the other CO2-independent.  相似文献   
75.
Summary A plant root observation chamber (rhizotron) was designed to examine soil-grown roots under a stereomicroscope and to sample roots and soil during the growth period of a pot study. The mini-rhizotrons are inexpensive to construct and are suitable for replicated, multitreatment experiments. Illustrative data on root hair and lateral development are presented for seedlings of four crop species.Vermont Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal Article No 572.  相似文献   
76.
【背景】青海省特殊生境孕育了特殊微生物资源。【目的】探究适合生活于高原生境的芽胞杆菌菌源。【方法】采用平板对峙法、显色法对萎缩芽胞杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus) CKL1的拮抗、产吲哚乙酸活性进行测定,并检测耐低温、耐盐性及菌株对盐胁迫下燕麦品种(Avena sativa)“青燕1号”种子萌发、幼苗生长效应及叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛的含量变化,利用二代测序技术对菌株进行基因组测序并分析相关功能基因。【结果】菌株CKL1对禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)、锐顶镰孢菌(Fusarium acuminatum)表现出显著的拮抗活性(抑菌圈直径>15 mm);与Salkowski比色液反应变红,能在NaCl浓度为13%的LB培养基及4℃低温下生长,表现出一定的产吲哚乙酸、耐盐及耐低温活性;盐胁迫下,菌株CKL1对“青燕1号”种子萌发及幼苗生长具有显著促进作用,叶绿素及脯氨酸含量显著增加,丙二醛含量下降,增强了燕麦的抗盐性。菌株CKL1基因组全长为14 281 280 bp,与GO功能数据库比对注释到3 303个功能基因;基因组编码与脂肽类化合物itur...  相似文献   
77.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting have been used to study the association between phytochrome and membranes in dark-grown tissue of Avena sativa L. cv. Saladin. Enhanced phytochrome pelletability can be demonstrated by ELISA after red irradiation in vivo and extraction in buffer containing Mg2+, but not with red irradiation of Mg2+ alone. This enhanced association may, however, be restricted to specific membranes. The results obtained with ELISA are confirmed by Western blotting techniques. Membrane-associated and soluble phytochrome give different immunological responses and it is suggested that immunologically distinct populations of phytochrome may exist in dark-grown tissue.  相似文献   
78.
An eco-physiological simulation model of the growth and development of Avena fatua was parameterised and tested. The model simulates growth ofA. fatua, in kg dry matter ha-1 day-1 from sowing to maturity as a function of irradiance, temperature and various species characteristics. Parameter values were derived from the literature and from field experiments, including both autumn and spring sowings of A. fatua over three years at two sites in southern England. With two exceptions, a single set of parameter values was sufficient to accurately simulate the emergence, growth and development of both autumn and spring cohorts over all years and sites. The two exceptions were the result of differences between autumn and spring cohorts of A. fatua in the rate of early leaf area growth and in the relationship between specific leaf area and developmental stage.  相似文献   
79.
80.
High neutral metallocarboxypeptidase activity (EC 3.4.17) has earlier been detected in young seedlings of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) using benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine (Z-Phe-Ala) as substrate at pH 7. This finding was confirmed, and it was observed that the activity could be assayed with higher specificity and sensitivity by using Z-Gly-Ala or Z-Gly-Phe as substrate at pH 6.5–7. No corresponding activity was detected in seedlings of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya), oats ( Avena sativa L.) or maize ( Zea mays L.). The seedlings of the four cereals possessed similar activities of acid carboxypeptidases (EC 3.4.16; hydrolysis of Z-Phe-Ala and Z-Ala-Phe at pH 5.2 and of Z-Ala-Arg at pH 5.7). However, in endosperms of germinating rice and maize these activities were only about 1–5% of those in barley and oats. A corresponding, although less pronounced, difference was evident between the scutella of the two pairs of cereals. The possible relationship between neutral carboxypeptidase activity and ability to grow in anaerobic conditions is discussed.  相似文献   
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