新疆准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨秋季栖息地选择

2000年9月,利用粪便示踪和野外直接观察法对准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨（Chlamydotis undulata)秋季栖息地进行了采样调查。结果表明：波斑鸨秋季栖息地地热平坦,视野开阔,广泛分布旱生和盐生荒膜植物,植被稀疏、低矮,并镶嵌有相对较高的灌丛块;影响波斑鸨秋季栖息地选择的环境因子是植被密度、物种丰富度和物候;秋季栖息地内的植被密度、草木植物种数、叉毛蓬密度、结实植物密度和物种数都极显著高于对照地内的相应成分;生长植物密度显著高于对照地;而假木贼密度和琵琶柴密度显著低于对照地。     

Spring versus autumn leaf colours: Evidence for different selective agents and evolution in various species and floras

Red colouration is common in young and old leaves of broadleaf woody species. Assuming that leaf colours are adaptive, we examined, by comparing the colouration in young versus old leaves, the possibility that different selection agents may have operated on spring versus autumn leaf colouration. We observed spring versus autumn colouration in three very different woody floras (Finland, Japan and Israel) in order to allow for a broad ecological and evolutionary spectrum. The null hypothesis was that if the same selective agents operated in spring and autumn, it is expected that when spring leaves are red, they should always be red in autumn, and when spring leaves are green, they should be green or yellow in autumn. We found that green spring leaves are almost exclusively associated with yellow leaf colour at senescence in autumn. Species with red autumn leaves almost always have at least some red colouration in their spring leaves. However, about half of the species with red spring leaves have yellow autumn leaves. Brown autumn leaves were not common in the species we studied. As about half of the species with red spring leaves have yellow autumn leaves but not vice versa, we conclude that there are many cases in which the selecting agents for spring versus autumn leaf colour were not the same.     

Somatic embryogenesis inAesculus

Summary Somatic embryogenesis was observed with explants taken from four types ofAesculus tissue: (a) shoots of 4-wk-oldin vitro germinated excised embryos (seed fromA.×arnoldiana), (b) roots of 4-wk-oldin vitro germinated excised embryos (seed fromA.×arnoldiana), (c) shoots from newly forced 3-yr-old seedlings (A. glabra), and (d) newly forced shoots from a 30-yr-old tree (A.×arnoldiana “Autumn Splendor”). Shoots provided three types of explants, single node, shoot apex, and internodal section, and all exhibited embryogenesis. Proembryogenic masses developed in a few cases after 6 wk in culture but were more commonly seen after 3 mo. The yellow, friable proembryogenic masses emerged from proximal cut ends of explants. Almost all cultures that formed embryos possessed leaves, either from developing apical or axillary buds or from adventitious buds, prior to the emergence of proembryogenic masses. Only tissues that had begun to senesce and had been exposed to cytokinin (benzyladenine at 5 or 25 μM) formed somatic embryos. Embryos with distinct cotyledonlike structures and root/shoot axes developed during the 10 to 16 wk following the inital emergence of proembryogenic masses. Enhanced frequency of embryogenesis was obtained by dark culture of root and shoot explants from 4-wk-old germinated embryos (A.×arnoldiana) and by dark and cold (5°C) treatment of shoot tissue cultures derived from 3-yr-old seedlings (A. glabra). Embryogenic potential was greatest in the most juvenile tissue and least in the mature tissue. Five percent of shoot explants taken from the 30-yr-old select treeA.×arnoldiana “Autumn Splendor” produced somatic embryos.     

金华地区秋旱作物田杂草生态相似关系研究

对浙江金华地区秋旱作物田１７个样点的杂草优势度等级进行了七级目测调查,计测了２２种主要杂草的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值,作出了反映它们间生态学相似程度的最小生成树。结果表明,马唐Ｄｉｇｉｔａｒｉａ ｓａｎｇｕｉｎａｌｉｓ、狗尾草Ｓｔｅａｒｉａ ｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ、千金子Ｌｅｐｔｏｃｈｌｏａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ、碎花莎草Ｃｙｐｅｒｕｓ ｉｒｉａ、牛筋草Ｅｌｅｕｓｉｎｅ ｉｎｄｉｃａ、石胡荽Ｃｅｎｔｉｐｅｄ     

植物警戒色的研究进展

植物为适应植食动物的取食压力而进化出物理、化学等多种防御机制,以把植食伤害降到最低程度,但动物不断的抽样尝试行为还是让有防御行为的植物受到伤害。因此,向潜在的植食动物传达自己的防御信号对植物是有益的。颜色作为一种稳定有效的视觉信号通常是花和果实的诱惑信号,某些情况下也是一种警戒防御信号,植食动物经过抽样学习后能识别这种防御信号并主动回避,从而形成了植物的警戒色。起源于猎物-捕食者关系的警戒色理论在动物界得到了充分研究,但植物警戒色却不为人所知,直到2001年Hamilton关于秋季树叶颜色的信号假说公开发表后,才引起人们对植物警戒色的初步研究。如今在早秋变色树种、幼叶、多剌植物、植物繁殖器官都发现了警戒色的一些例证,尽管有些还不太明确甚至存在争议,但至少为植物警戒色的进一步研究奠定了基础。植物营养体颜色在时空上的多态性变化值得人们更深入地研究,防御权衡假说也预示了防御有害植食动物的警戒作用存在于繁殖器官的可能性,研究它们生理和生态适应意义有利于人们更深程度地理解植物-动物之间的复杂关系。     

双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗小儿秋季腹泻50例疗效观察

目的观察丽珠肠乐胶囊同乳酸菌素片治疗小儿秋季腹泻的临床疗效.方法治疗组服用丽珠肠乐胶囊1粒,每日2次,疗程6 d;对照组服用乳酸菌素片1片,每日2次,疗程6 d.结果治疗组与对照组临床总有效率分别为98%和55.6%, χ2=22.38,P＜0.01,差异有高度显著性.结论丽珠肠乐胶囊治疗小儿秋季腹泻比乳酸菌素片更有效.     

内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区荒漠沙蜥春秋季生境选择

为更好的了解及保护荒漠沙蜥(Phrynocephalus przewalskii)资源,于2017年5—6月和9—10月,在内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区采用样线调查法对其春、秋2季的生境选择进行研究。春季测定了92个荒漠沙蜥生境利用样方和64个对照样方、秋季测定了71个荒漠沙蜥生境利用样方和76个对照样方的共13种生态因子。利用拟合优度卡方检验、VanderploegScavia′s选择指数、 Mann-White U检验和逐步判别分析确定影响其春秋季生境选择的关键因子。结果表明,荒漠沙蜥的生境选择存在季节性差异。春季一般选择食物丰富度高,隐蔽性好,光照强,地表温度高、湿度低的生境,既保证安全因素又利于达到最适体温,满足繁殖需求;秋季偏好选择土壤质地疏松,食物丰富度高和中的草甸地区,便于隐蔽及累积食物,以满足其躲避天敌、储存越冬能量的需要。     

Change of color and components in sepals of chameleon hydrangea during maturation and senescence

The sepal color of a chameleon hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Hovaria™ ‘Homigo’ changes in four stages, from colorless to blue, then to green, and finally to red, during maturation and the senescence periods. To clarify the chemical mechanism of the color change, we analyzed the components of the sepals at each stage. Blue-colored sepals contained 3-O-sambubiosyl- and 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin along with three co-pigments, 5-O-p-coumaroyl-, 5-O-caffeoyl- and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acids. The contents of glycosyldelphinidins decreased toward the green-colored stage, with a coincident increase in the number of chloroplasts. During the last red colored stage, the two species of 3-O-glycosyldelphinidin almost disappeared, and another two anthocyanins, 3-O-sambubiosyl- and 3-O-glucosylcyanidin, increased in amounts. Mixing of 3-O-glycosylcyanidins, co-pigments, and Al³⁺ in a buffered solution at pH 3.0-3.5 gave not a blue, but a red, colored solution that was the same as that of the sepal color of the 4th stage. Sepals of hydrangea grown in an highland area also turned red in autumn, and contained the same cyanidin glycosides. The red coloration of the hydrangea during senescence was due to a change in anthocyanin biosynthesis.     

莲花期调控研究进展

莲(Nelumbo)是我国十大传统名花中唯一的水生花卉,具有很高的观赏价值及经济价值。花期是影响莲观赏价值的重要性状,花期调控对其生产和应用有着极其重要的意义。莲一般6-8月开花,但是通过花期调控,可以实现一年四季均能开花。本文针对莲花期的定义和特点、花期调控的基本原理、分子机制和调控技术等方面进行系统地综述,并对莲花期调控的前景进行展望,以期为莲花期调控的深入研究和产业发展提供参考。     

Mediterranean pasture dynamics: the role of germination

Abstract. Meteorological patterns have a decisive influence on the inter-annual dynamics of therophyte pastures under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The germination behaviour of annual pasture species was studied by subjecting two collections of seeds taken from plants and soil-seed banks to two phytotron-simulated weather patterns: early and late autumn rains. Species from these pastures were arranged along a gradient of sensitivity to temperature on the arrival of the first persistent rain. This sensitivity was manifested in both the total germination success of the species and the germination time profile. The different germination patterns of the species can provide competitive advantages depending on the autumn weather conditions.