固相反硝化技术同时去除地下水中的硝酸盐与农药进展

概述了固相反硝化技术及其特点,综述了固相反硝化技术在去除地下水中硝酸盐与农药的研究现状,分析了反应机理及当前研究中存在的问题,并在此基础上对固相反硝化的未来核心研究方向进行了展望。     

The effect of grass maturing and root decay on N2O production in soil

The N₂O flux from the surface of grass-covered pots was only significant following grass maturing. Removal of the above-ground plant material resulted in an immediate and long-lasting increase in N₂O production in the soil. The results suggest that easily available organic matter from the roots stimulates the denitrification when the plants are damaged. Grass cutting might therefore result in a marked nitrogen loss through denitrification. The quantitative effect was equal in soil with and without succinate added. The size of the anaerobic zone around the roots is therefore sufficient to allow for denitrification activity mediated by increased organic matter availability because of plant cutting.     

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction by Pseudomonas alcaliphila with an electrode as the sole electron donor

Denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) were considered two alternative pathways of dissimilatory nitrate reduction. In this study, we firstly reported that both denitrification and DNRA occurred in Pseudomonas alcaliphila strain MBR with an electrode as the sole electron donor in a double chamber bio‐electrochemical system (BES). The initial concentration of nitrate appeared as a factor determining the type of nitrate reduction with electrode as the sole electron donor at the same potential (?500 mV). As the initial concentration of nitrate increased, the fraction of nitrate reduced through denitrification also increased. While nitrite (1.38 ± 0.04 mM) was used as electron acceptor instead of nitrate, the electrons recovery via DNRA and denitrification were 43.06 ± 1.02% and 50.51 ± 1.37%, respectively. The electrochemical activities and surface topography of the working electrode catalyzed by strain MBR were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results suggested that cells of strain MBR were adhered to the electrode, playing the role of electron transfer media for nitrate and nitrite reduction. Thus, for the first time, the results that DNRA and denitrification occurred simultaneously were confirmed by powering the strain with electricity. The study further expanded the range of metabolic reactions and had potential value for the recognization of dissimilatory nitrate reduction in various ecosystems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2904–2910. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Carbon sink reduction by fruit removal triggers respiration but not nitrous oxide emissions from the root zone of cucumber

Root exudation of organic carbon (C) is generally believed to be the cause of positive effects of root activity on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. We tested the effects of root exudation in an actual soil–plant system on N₂O emissions while excluding most other potential factors. The C source/sink ratio in cucumber was changed by removing fruits to increase root exudation. Root‐zone emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and N₂O were monitored in complete stands of adult plants in a greenhouse. Whereas CO₂ emissions rapidly increased as a result of fruit removal the N₂O emissions were completely unaffected. After cutting the shoots CO₂ emissions decreased within 2 weeks in both the fruit removal treatment and the control to a value significantly lower than that before the start of the treatments. However, N₂O emissions immediately exhibited a short peak, which was significantly higher in the fruit removal treatment compared to the control. Thereafter N₂O emissions in both treatments remained on the same level but considerably higher than before shoot cutting. We concluded that in a well‐aerated root zone, a root exudation pulse does not necessarily increase N₂O emissions, because C substrates are quickly respired by microorganisms before they can support heterotrophic denitrification. The results further indicate the significance of dying/dead roots for the creation of denitrificaton hot‐spots, which likely result from providing C substrates as well as poorly aerated habitats.     

Soils,a sink for N2O? A review

Soils are the main sources of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O). The N₂O emission at the soil surface is the result of production and consumption processes. So far, research has concentrated on net N₂O production. However, in the literature, there are numerous reports of net negative fluxes of N₂O, (i.e. fluxes from the atmosphere to the soil). Such fluxes are frequent and substantial and cannot simply be dismissed as experimental noise.
Net N₂O consumption has been measured under various conditions from the tropics to temperate areas, in natural and agricultural systems. Low mineral N and large moisture contents have sometimes been found to favour N₂O consumption. This fits in with denitrification as the responsible process, reducing N₂O to N₂. However, it has also been reported that nitrifiers consume N₂O in nitrifier denitrification. A contribution of various processes could explain the wide range of conditions found to allow N₂O consumption, ranging from low to high temperatures, wet to dry soils, and fertilized to unfertilized plots. Generally, conditions interfering with N₂O diffusion in the soil seem to enhance N₂O consumption. However, the factors regulating N₂O consumption are not yet well understood and merit further study.
Frequent literature reports of net N₂O consumption suggest that a soil sink could help account for the current imbalance in estimated global budgets of N₂O. Therefore, a systematic investigation into N₂O consumption is necessary. This should concentrate on the organisms, reactions, and environmental factors involved.     

好氧反硝化细菌及其在微污染水源水修复中的应用研究进展

相比于氨氮,天然水体中的硝酸盐氮通常更稳定,导致更难将其从水中去除。由于好氧反硝化可以在有氧环境下进行反硝化作用去除硝酸盐氮,该过程对含有较高溶解氧的天然水体中硝酸盐氮处理有重要作用。本文综述了好氧反硝化菌的分离纯化现状、微生物代谢机制和环境影响因子,并介绍了功能菌群在微污染饮用水源水生物修复的应用研究进展。与一般的厌氧反硝化类似,好氧反硝化菌的种属分布较广,常见的如假单胞菌属(Pseudomoas)、产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等所属部分微生物均有好氧反硝化能力。大部分好氧反硝化菌株在最佳生长条件下(25–37℃、溶解氧浓度为3–5mg/L、pH为7–8、碳氮比为5–10)具有高效的脱氮效率。但目前好氧反硝化作用在微污染饮用水源水的生物修复方面的应用仍有着脱氮性能不稳定、菌剂流失等不足。此外,目前较少相关中试及实际工程应用的研究,需要进一步的深入探究。     

The Nitrogen Cycle in Lough Neagh,N. Ireland 1975 to 1987

Results from thirteen years of weekly observations are presented on the nitrogen cycle in Lough Neagh. The data comprised catchment and atmospheric inputs, output via the outflow and calculated losses by sedimentation and denitrification. Nitrate-nitrogen in the rivers is the dominant input fraction and the nitrate loading has increased over the period observed. 52 % of the input N sediments to the lake bottom, but 65 % of this is lost by denitrification. In spite of increasing nitrogen inputs, the summer soluble nitrate concentrations have decreased due to uptake by a perpetual crop of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii GOMONT .     

一株高效好氧反硝化菌的分离及特性

利用富集培养的方法从南昌市郊某养鱼塘采样分离出22株反硝化细菌,其中8株反硝化率较高,从中选择一株效果最好的作为研究对象,命名为HS-N62,对其生长特性进行了深入研究。结果表明:硝酸盐氮初始浓度为140mg/L,菌株HS-N62在12h内对硝酸盐氮的去除率可达96%,而且没有亚硝酸盐氮的积累。该菌最适生长温度范围为30°C-37°C,最适生长pH范围6.0-8.0,最适C/N比为10:1,并能利用多种碳源生长。运用正交试验探讨了该菌株最适的反硝化条件。反硝化菌株HS-N62还具有较好的除磷能力,12h除磷率达到67.7%(初始磷酸盐浓度57mg/L)。通过形态学特性和生理生化分析以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,菌株HS-N62与Pseudomonas sp.亲缘关系最为接近,相似性达99%,初步鉴定该菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。     

城市河道污水中好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定与特性

采用富集培养和BTB(溴百里酚蓝)平板法从城市河道污水中筛选、分离获得了一株高效的好氧反硝化菌株ADZ1, 48 h内对硝酸盐的降解率为93.1%, 总氮的去除率为34.7%。16S rRNA测序及系统发育分析结果表明该菌株属于Pseudamonas sp., 经VITEK? 2系统鉴定为Pseudomonas putida。对该菌株的反硝化特性进行了研究, 结果表明, 该菌株以乙醇为最佳碳源, 在碳氮比达到12:1时, 对硝酸盐的去除率达到98%以上, 总氮去除率达到41.3%。该菌株对溶解氧、pH有着广泛的适应性, 菌体活力强, 有着良好的应用前景。