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91.
Average percentages of winter wheat plants with severe take‐all were decreased by up to half by azoxystrobin applied as foliar sprays in four field experiments. Decreased take‐all in three of the experiments was associated with increased grain yield but effects on other diseases may have contributed to these responses. Standard fungicide sprays were ineffective. The effects differed, but not consistently, among different cultivars that were tested in three of the experiments. One, two or three sprays of azoxystrobin or kresoxim‐methyl, in autumn, spring or summer, were tested in the fourth experiment. Unlike azoxystrobin, kresoxim‐methyl had no consistent effects but a smaller amount was applied. Two or three sprays of azoxystrobin were more effective than a single spray but their timing was unimportant. Such control of a root disease by a foliar‐applied fungicide is unusual but may help to explain some of the unexpectedly large yield responses to azoxystrobin that have been reported. This relatively broad‐spectrum fungicide may have the potential to contribute to the practical management of take‐all but further research is needed to determine how best to exploit its effects consistently. 相似文献
92.
M. Flint Beal Ross A. Clevens Geetinder K. Chattha Usha M. MacGarvey Michael F. Mazurek Steven M. Gabriel 《Journal of neurochemistry》1988,51(6):1935-1941
Galanin is a recently isolated neuropeptide that is of particular interest in dementing disorders because of its known colocalization with choline acetyltransferase in magnocellular neurons of the basal nucleus of Meynert. These neurons degenerate in Alzheimer's disease, and there is a corresponding deficiency of cortical choline acetyltransferase activity. In the present study, galanin-like immunoreactivity was measured in the postmortem cerebral cortex and hippocampus of 10 controls and 14 patients who had had Alzheimer's disease. Significant reductions of choline acetyltransferase activity (50-60%) were found in all regions examined; however, there was no significant effect on concentrations of galanin-like immunoreactivity. Similar measurements were made in postmortem tissues of 12 control and 13 demented Parkinsonian patients who had had Alzheimer-type cortical pathology. Choline acetyltransferase activity was again significantly decreased in all regions examined but there were no significant reductions in galanin-like immunoreactivity. Experimental lesions of the fornix in rats produced parallel significantly correlated reductions of both choline acetyltransferase activity and galanin-like immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. Galanin-like immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus consisted of two molecular-weight species on gel-permeation chromatography, and two forms were resolved by reverse-phase HPLC. The paradoxical preservation of galanin-like immunoreactivity, despite depletion of the activity of choline acetyltransferase, with which it is colocalized, is as yet unexplained. Recent studies have shown that galanin inhibits both acetylcholine release in the hippocampus and memory acquisition; therefore, preserved galanin may exacerbate the cholinergic and cognitive deficits that accompany dementia. 相似文献
93.
Patel S O'Malley S Connolly B Liu W Hargreaves R Sur C Gibson RE 《Journal of neurochemistry》2006,96(1):171-178
Inhibition of gamma-secretase is a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present studies have characterized the in vitro properties of a radiolabeled small molecule gamma-secretase inhibitor, [3H]compound D (Yan et al., 2004, J. Neurosci.24, 2942-2952) in mammalian brain. [3H]Compound D was shown to bind with nanomolar affinity (Kd = 0.32-1.5 nM) to a single population of saturable sites in rat, rhesus and human brain cortex homogenates, the density of binding sites ranging from 4 to 7 nM across the species. Competition studies with a structurally diverse group of gamma-secretase inhibitors with a wide range of binding affinities showed that the binding affinities of these compounds correlated well with their ability to inhibit gamma-secretase in vitro. Autoradiographic studies showed that the specific binding of [3H]compound D was widely distributed throughout adult rat, rhesus and normal human brain. There did not appear to be any difference in distribution of [3H]compound D specific binding sites in AD cortex compared with control human cortex as measured using tissue section autoradiography, nor any correlation between gamma-secretase binding and plaque burden as measured immunohistochemically. [3H]compound D is a useful tool to probe the expression and pharmacology of gamma-secretase in mammalian brain. 相似文献
94.
Ben Gedalya T Loeb V Israeli E Altschuler Y Selkoe DJ Sharon R 《Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)》2009,10(2):218-234
α-Synuclein (αS) is an abundant neuronal cytoplasmic protein implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), but its physiological function remains unknown. Consistent with its having structural motifs shared with class A1 apolipoproteins, αS can reversibly associate with membranes and help regulate membrane fatty acid composition. We previously observed that variations in αS expression level in dopaminergic cultured cells or brains are associated with changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and altered membrane fluidity. We now report that αS acts with PUFAs to enhance the internalization of the membrane-binding dye, FM 1-43. Specifically, αS expression coupled with exposure to physiological levels of certain PUFAs enhanced clathrin-mediated endocytosis in neuronal and non-neuronal cultured cells. Moreover, αS expression and PUFA-enhanced basal and -evoked synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis in primary hippocampal cultures of wild type (wt) and genetically depleted αS mouse brains. We suggest that αS and PUFAs normally function in endocytic mechanisms and are specifically involved in SV recycling upon neuronal stimulation. 相似文献
95.
Jorge Parodi Fernando J. Sep��lveda Jorge Roa Carlos Opazo Nibaldo C. Inestrosa Luis G. Aguayo 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(4):2506-2514
Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that leads to major debilitating cognitive deficits. It is believed that the alterations capable of causing brain circuitry dysfunctions have a slow onset and that the full blown disease may take several years to develop. Therefore, it is important to understand the early, asymptomatic, and possible reversible states of the disease with the aim of proposing preventive and disease-modifying therapeutic strategies. It is largely unknown how amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), a principal agent in Alzheimer disease, affects synapses in brain neurons. In this study, we found that similar to other pore-forming neurotoxins, Aβ induced a rapid increase in intracellular calcium and miniature currents, indicating an enhancement in vesicular transmitter release. Significantly, blockade of these effects by low extracellular calcium and a peptide known to act as an inhibitor of the Aβ-induced pore prevented the delayed failure, indicating that Aβ blocks neurotransmission by causing vesicular depletion. This new mechanism for Aβ synaptic toxicity should provide an alternative pathway to search for small molecules that can antagonize these effects of Aβ. 相似文献
96.
97.
Construction of a recombinant BHV-1 expressing the VP1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus and its immunogenicity in a rabbit model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xian-Gang Ren Fei Xue Yuan-Mao Zhu Guang-Zhi Tong Yan-Hui Wang Jun-Ke Feng Hong-Fei Shi Yu-Ran Gao 《Biotechnology letters》2009,31(8):1159-1165
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) are two important infectious diseases of cattle.
Using bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) as a gene delivery vector for development of live-viral vaccines has gained widespread
interest. In this study, a recombinant BHV-1 was constructed by inserting the synthetic FMDV (O/China/99) VP1 gene in the
the gE locus of BHV-1 genome under the control of immediately early gene promoter of human cytomegalovirus (phIE CMV) and
bovine growth hormone polyadenylation (BGH polyA) signal. After homologous recombination and plaque purification, a recombinant
virus named BHV-1/gE−/VP1 was acquired and identified. The immunogenicity was confirmed in a rabbit model by virus neutralization test and enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result indicated that the BHV-1/gE−/VP1 has the potential for being developed as a bivalent vaccine for FMD and IBR. 相似文献
98.
Maria A. Diuk‐Wasser Gwenaël Vourc'h Paul Cislo Anne Gatewood Hoen Forrest Melton Sarah A. Hamer Michelle Rowland Roberto Cortinas Graham J. Hickling Jean I. Tsao Alan G. Barbour Uriel Kitron Joseph Piesman Durland Fish 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2010,19(4):504-514
Aim Ixodes scapularis is the most important vector of human tick‐borne pathogens in the United States, which include the agents of Lyme disease, human babesiosis and human anaplasmosis, among others. The density of host‐seeking I. scapularis nymphs is an important component of human risk for acquiring Borrelia burgdorferi, the aetiological agent of Lyme disease. In this study we used climate and field sampling data to generate a predictive map of the density of host‐seeking I. scapularis nymphs that can be used by the public, physicians and public health agencies to assist with the diagnosis and reporting of disease, and to better target disease prevention and control efforts. Location Eastern United States of America. Methods We sampled host‐seeking I. scapularis nymphs in 304 locations uniformly distributed east of the 100th meridian between 2004 and 2006. Between May and September, 1000 m2 were drag sampled three to six times per site. We developed a zero‐inflated negative binomial model to predict the density of host‐seeking I. scapularis nymphs based on altitude, interpolated weather station and remotely sensed data. Results Variables that had the strongest relationship with nymphal density were altitude, monthly mean vapour pressure deficit and spatial autocorrelation. Forest fragmentation and soil texture were not predictive. The best‐fit model identified two main foci – the north‐east and upper Midwest – and predicted the presence and absence of I. scapularis nymphs with 82% accuracy, with 89% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Areas of concordance and discordance with previous studies were discussed. Areas with high predicted but low observed densities of host‐seeking nymphs were identified as potential expansion fronts. Main conclusions This model is unique in its extensive and unbiased field sampling effort, allowing for an accurate delineation of the density of host‐seeking I. scapularis nymphs, an important component of human risk of infection for B. burgdorferi and other I. scapularis‐borne pathogens. 相似文献
99.
100.
Rodini CO Batista AC Dionísio TJ Santos CF Cunha FQ Lara VS 《Journal of molecular histology》2008,39(3):275-282
The immunopathologic and inflammatory mechanisms involved in periodontal disease (PD) include the participation of host resident,
inflammatory cells and chemical mediators. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and nitric oxide (NO) play essential role in extracellular
matrix turnover of periodontal tissue destruction. In this study, by means of RT-PCR through semi-quantitative densitometric
scanning methods, the expression of MMPs -2 and -9 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was temporally and spatially investigated
during the destructive mechanisms of experimentally induced PD in rats. Samples from different periods were microscopically
analyzed and compared with the contralateral side (control). Our results showed significant expression of MMP-9 and iNOS in
tissues affected by PD, as compared with controls, three days after PD induction, simultaneously with the beginning of alveolar
bone loss. At 7 days post induction, only the MMP-9 mRNA presented a significantly higher expression, as compared with the
respective controls. Thus, in the rat ligature-induced PD, MMP-9 and iNOS might importantly participate in the early stages
of the disease, including inflammatory cell migration, tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption. Also, we may suggest
that the exuberant presence of PMNs may be related to the important expression of iNOS and MMP-9 found at 3 days post induction. 相似文献