Pragmatism, Patronage and Politics in English Biology: The Rise and Fall of Economic Biology 1904–1920

The rise of applied biology was one of the most striking feature of the biological sciences in the early 20th century. Strongly oriented toward agriculture, this was closely associated with the growth of a number of disciplines, notably, entomology and mycology. This period also saw a market expansion of the English University system, and biology departments in the newly inaugurated civic universities took an early and leading role in the development of applied biology through their support of Economic Biology. This sought explicitly to promote the application of biological knowledge to economically important problems and especially to agriculture. The impact of Economic Biology was felt most strongly within Zoology, where it became synonymous with entomology. The transience of Economic Biology belies its significance, for example, in providing a means for the expansion of biology at the civic universities. More broadly, it opened up new research and employment opportunities within the life sciences. In late Edwardian Britain, newly available state funds for agriculturally relevant biological disciplines transformed the life sciences. This paper examines the impact of these funds - mobilized either under the 1909 Development Act, or under the auspices of colonial interests - on Economic Biology and the institutionalization of applied biology. The rise and fall of Economic Biology casts new light on the way in which institutional and political alignments profoundly shaped the development of British biology.     

The problematic of multinational and multicultural societies

The study of multinationality and the study of the absorption of immigrant ethnic minorities in the British Isles have been dealt with academically in terms of two separate problematics. The first has been dealt with in terms of the theory of nationalism, the second in terms of migration and class. This article attempts to bring the two problematics together in terms of a master concept of empires and multinational states. Starting from this standpoint the nature of Welsh, Scottish and Irish nationality and nationalism in Britain are discussed in the first part of the essay and the structure of migration to the metropolis from post‐colonial societies in the second. While the article is based upon an analysis of the British case, however, it is suggested that this type of analysis can be extended to take account of other cases of multinationality and other types of international migration.     

Hints of economic change during the late Roman Empire period in central Italy: a study of charred plant remains from “La Fontanaccia”, near Rome

The archaeobotanical study of the charred macro-remains recovered from the burnt settlement of La Fontanaccia, Allumiere, 50 km northwest of Rome, a small hut from the time of the end of the late Roman Empire, provided results on the use of food of its inhabitants, their living conditions, and the natural environment. The fire which destroyed the small settlement was archaeologically dated to the middle of the 5th century a.d., few years before the end of the Roman Empire. This was a period in which the state structure, undermined by the barbarian invasions which provoked famine and destruction, was in deep economic and political crisis, and the population in Rome and in the countryside lived in precarious conditions. No archaeo-botanical data have been available until now for this period in the region of Rome. The presence of grass peas, acorns, two-rowed barley caryopses, and small horse bean seeds demonstrate the general state of regression in the late Roman Empire, when misery and famine were widespread. The finds of charcoal from chestnut, deciduous oak, maple and elm suggest the presence of thermophilous deciduous woods and environmental conditions similar to today’s. It deserves mention that this is the first site in which macro-remains (charcoal) of Castanea have been found in central Italy.     

Soldier Tracks in a First World War Fort (Valmorbiawerk,Trento, Italy)

A set of partial or complete boot tracks is described from the floor of a tunnel in a First World War fort in the Trentino Alto Adige region. The tracks belong to the right and left boots of the same person. The deepest imprints have been left by the heels, which were reinforced by rectangular and square-shaped hobnails. From studying all the tracks, it has been possible to reconstruct the complete hobnail set of both boots and compare them with coeval boots used by soldiers. Depending on the nationality and branch of the armed services, the nails had different shapes and arrangements. The layout and the shape of the tracks perfectly match the mountain footwear used by the Austro-Hungarian army. The succession of events during the building of the Valmorbiawerk indicates that the tracks could have been imprinted between spring 1914 and May 1915.