The quantitative relationship of lethality between extracellular protease and extracellular haemolysin of Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

An additive relationship of lethality between purified protease and haemolysin of the extracellular products (ECP) of Aeromonas salmonicida was demonstrated by i.p. injection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The lethal toxicity of the combinations of protease and haemolysin follow a linear regression line y = -54.54x + 2400. The LD50 of protease and haemolysin when injected separately was 2400 ng/g fish and 44 ng protein/g fish, respectively.     

A meristic, morphometric and biochemical investigation of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe)

Juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus , were collected from estuarine waters of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Those collected north of latitude 40°N had lower numbers of total and trunk vertebrae, ventral scutes and interhaemal spines, and shallower heads, smaller eyes, shorter predorsal lengths, and lower frequencies of the fastest allele observed at the transferrin locus than those collected south of Long Island. Although the evidence is still inconclusive, the potential for at least two subpopulations still exists: one which spawns in the spring and early summer and is responsible for the primary recruitment in the northern North Atlantic area, and one which spawns in the autumn and winter and contributes the majority of recruitment in the middle and southern North Atlantic areas of the United States.     

Catch and discards from experimental trawl and longline fishing in the deep water of the Rockall Trough

Comparative bottom trawl and longline surveys were carried out on two chartered commercial fishing vessels in the deep waters (350-1300 m) of the Rockall Trough, an area subjected to heavy commercial exploitation. The species composition, catch rates and length distributions from each survey were very different and reflected the fundamental difference in the two types of fishing operations. Bottom-trawled catches produced greater species diversity and higher discard rates. Longline catches produced larger specimens of teleost fish and were dominated by squalid shark. Trawl discards, expressed as kgs of discards per tonne of roundnose grenadier Coryphaenoides rupestris landed, were calculated for a broad range of the most abundant species taken in the catch. First estimates of total international discarding from deep-water trawling operations in the Rockall Trough area (7530 tonnes; 26.5 million individuals) were made by raising the discard rates using international grenadier landings for 1995. The outlook for the continued exploitation of the deep-water fish resource in the Rockall Trough and possible management options are discussed.     

Monstrilloida (Copepoda) off the Brazilian coast

Seven monstrilloid species of the genera Thaumaleus and Monstrilla (Copepoda) are reported from the Brazilian coast. Occurrence, distribution and ecological information is given for: T. longispinosum, T. rigidum, T. quadridens, M. recticulata, M. grandis, M. dubia and M. rugosa.     

Distribution of PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide)-like and helospectin-like peptides in the teleost gut

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and helospectin are two vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-related neuropeptides that have recently been demonstrated in the mammalian gut; the aim of this study was to reveal their occurrence and localisation in the gastrointestinal tract, swimbladder, urinary bladder and the vagal innervation of the gut of teleosts, using immunohistochemical methods on whole-mounts and sections of these tissues from the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua and the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Both PACAP-like and helospectin-like peptides were present in the gut wall of the two species. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in all layers but were most frequent in the myenteric plexus and along the circular muscle fibres. Immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in nerves innervating the swimbladder wall, the urinary bladder and blood vessels to the gut. Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were found in the myenteric plexus of the gut and in the muscularis mucosae of the swimbladder. In the vagus nerve, non-immunoreactive nerve cells were surrounded by PACAP-immunoreactive fibres. Double staining revealed the coexistence of PACAP-like and helospectin-like peptides with VIP in all visualized nerve fibres and in some endocrine cells. It is concluded that PACAP-like and helospectin-like peptides coexist with VIP in nerves innervating the gut of two teleost species. The distribution suggests that both PACAP and helospectin, like VIP, are involved in the control of gut motility and secretion.     

Age and growth of Trisopterus luscus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces,Gadidae) off the coast of Asturias

The age and growth of an Asturian population of the bib Trisopterus luscus L. were studied based on 990 bibs from monthly catches from October 1986 until October 1988.Using the estimates of age taken from otolith readings, it was possible to construct a growth curve for the whole range of ages and demonstrate that most growth takes place during the first two years of life. The maximum age was found to be 5 years. The largest fish caught during the investigation measured 430 mm in standard length.The different growth rates of males and females show that in most cases the mean standard length of females was equal to or greater than that of the males.     

Tail-to-tail orientation of the Atlantic salmon alpha- and beta-globin genes

We report the cloning of a cDNA and two corresponding -globin genes of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) as well as two genes for -globins. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA shows that the predicted -globin peptide comprises 148 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 16,127 Da and an overall amino acid similarity of 40–50% to higher vertebrates and 60–90% to fish sequences. The study of the genomic organization of - and -globin genes shows that, as is the case in Xenopus, the salmon genes are adjacent. Two sets of linked - and -globin genes were isolated and restriction-enzyme polymorphisms indicate that they belong to two distinct loci, possibly as a result of the salmon tetraploidy. In each locus the - and -globin genes are oriented 3 to 3 relative to each other with the RNA coding sequences located on opposite DNA strands. This is the first evidence for this type of arrangement found for globin genes. Moreover, while the linkage found in salmon and Xenopus supports the hypothesis of an initial tandem duplication of a globin ancestor gene, our results raise the question of the actual original orientation of the duplicated genes. Correspondence to: F. Gannon     

Allozyme differentiation within and between red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean

Nine polymorphic nuclear-gene (allozyme) loci were surveyed among 491 red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) sampled in 1988 and 1989 from nearshore localities in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) and the Atlantic coast of the southeastern United States (Atlantic). Data were combined with those from a previous study to generate a data set of 762 individuals representing 11 sample localities in the Gulf and 175 individuals representing five sample localities in the Atlantic. The combined data set included individuals from the 1986 and 1987 year classes and permitted rigorous testing of both temporal and spatial genetic heterogeneity. Average heterozygosity-per-locus values (estimated using 33 assumed monomorphic loci) were 0·048 (Gulf red drum) and 0·046 (Atlantic red drum). Tests of heterogeneity in allele frequencies between year classes at individual localities and across regions (Gulf and Atlantic) were non-significant. Tests of spatial (geographic) heterogeneity indicated that red drum are weakly subdivided: genetically-differentiated subpopulations occur in the northern Gulf and along the south-eastern Atlantic coast. Genetic data were consistent with the hypothesis that red drum within the Gulf and along the Atlantic coast comprise singie subpopulalions. Genetic differences between Gulf and Atlantic red drum seem likeiy to stem from historical or recent interactions between dispersal and impediments to gene flow.     

Diet of the brown howler monkeyAlouatta fusca in a semi-deciduous forest fragment of southeastern Brazil

The diet of a group of six brown howlers was studied weekly during 12 months in a reserve of 250 ha of secondary, mesophytic, semi-deciduous forest. The phenology of 186 trees of 72 species and 29 families was monitored simultaneously. Scan sampling was used to record the diet from dawn until dusk on a total of 60 days of observation, yielding 718 hr of animal-observer contact and 2,943 feeding scans. The diet was composed of leaves (73%), flowers (12%), and fruits (5%), from 68 identified plant species.Celtis iguanae, Cassia ferruginea, andInga spp. were the main food sources, accounting for approximately 50% of the diet. Young leaves (59%) were preferred to mature leaves (31%), trees contributing 56% and lianas 41% of the leaf diet. The ingestion of young leaves was correlated to the availability of these items, however, the correlations were not significant for flowers and fruits. The diet was poorer in fruits and richer in young leaves of lianas in comparison to other howler monkey species studies, probably as a consequence of the liana abundance in this forest fragment.     

Variation in digestive performance between geographically disjunct populations of Atlantic salmon: countergradient in passage time and digestion rate

European Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations inhabit rivers from northern Portugal to northern Norway across a wide spectrum of environmental variability. To address whether single physical factors might lead to genetic divergence of isolated populations, we compared the digestive performances total digestibility, relative nitrogen digestibility, passage time, and digestion rate (g dry matter · h^–1) — of northern (Scotland) and southern (Asturias, northern Spain) populations at three temperature regimes (5, 12, and 20° C). Total dry matter digestibilities increased directly with temperature but were similar for both populations at each of the three trials. Relative nitrogen digestibility did not differ between populations nor among temperature regimes. In contrast, passage time was significantly longer for low-than for high-latitude fish at both 5 and 20° C. When the percentage of food digested and the passage time were integrated as digestion rates (food digested per unit time), a significant population × temperature interaction consistent with a genotype × environment interaction was detected in addition to the population and temperature effects. This implies that not only is the digestive performance of the high-latitude population higher throughout the range of temperatures examined, but moreover the difference is reinforced at high temperatures, where the digestion rate of high-latitude fish was 1.6 times greater. Taken together, these two results provide preliminary evidence for countergradient variation in digestive rates of salmonids in response to variation in growth opportunity. The data support our previous work on the same two populations showing differences in growth rates, and underlie one of the possible mechnisms leading to more rapid growth of the high-latitude fish when both populations are reared in a common environment.