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11.
Evolution takes place in an ecological setting that typically involves interactions with other organisms. To describe such
evolution, a structure is needed which incorporates the simultaneous evolution of interacting species. Here a formal framework
for this purpose is suggested, extending from the microscopic interactions between individuals – the immediate cause of natural
selection, through the mesoscopic population dynamics responsible for driving the replacement of one mutant phenotype by another,
to the macroscopic process of phenotypic evolution arising from many such substitutions. The process of coevolution that results
from this is illustrated in the context of predator–prey systems. With no more than qualitative information about the evolutionary
dynamics, some basic properties of predator–prey coevolution become evident. More detailed understanding requires specification
of an evolutionary dynamic; two models for this purpose are outlined, one from our own research on a stochastic process of
mutation and selection and the other from quantitative genetics. Much of the interest in coevolution has been to characterize
the properties of fixed points at which there is no further phenotypic evolution. Stability analysis of the fixed points of
evolutionary dynamical systems is reviewed and leads to conclusions about the asymptotic states of evolution rather different
from those of game-theoretic methods. These differences become especially important when evolution involves more than one
species.
Received 10 November 1993; received in revised form 25 July 1994 相似文献
12.
Urs Fischbacher 《Journal of mathematical biology》1996,34(8):926-936
As an alternative to dichotomous keys, tabular keys are used for taxonomic identification. With the use of computers, keys based on the Bayes formula can also be made available more widely. For the development of a key, the maximum a posterior probability (MAP) for a taxon is important because it allows to evaluate the quality of a key. If it is low, the taxon is hard to distinguish from other taxa. In this paper, we show that finding MAP in a Bayesian key is NP-hard. Estimates for MAP or other measures have to be used for the estimation of the quality of a Bayesian key. 相似文献
13.
一、引言及引理考虑一类单种群动态模型对方程(1)总假设满足其中N(t)为种群在时刻t的数量或密度.由于方程(1)是描述种群增长的生态模型,因此我们考虑(1)的正解且满足初始条件:易证(1)和(2)有唯一正常数平衡点本文研究(1)关于N*的稳定性.(1)的特别情形是其中(1a)描述在食物资源严重不足种群数量充分大导致种群内部互相竞争残杀时的增长模型[1];(1b)描述种内既有竞争又有协作的所谓ALLEE效应的增长模型[2].事实上,若β>0,由(1b)式知,当N(t-r)充分小时,当N(t—r)充分大时,这正是ALLEE效应.文献… 相似文献
14.
15.
Shigeko Ishimatsu Toshihiro Kawamoto Koji Matsuno Yasushi Kodama 《Biological trace element research》1995,49(1):43-52
In this study, eight kinds of nickel (Ni) compounds were orally administered to Wistar male rats and the distribution of each
compound was investigated 24 h after the administration. The Ni compounds used in this experiment were nickel metal [Ni−M],
nickel oxide (green) [NiO(G)], nickel oxide (black) [NiO(B)], nickel subsulfide [Ni3S2], nickel sulfide [NiS], nickel sulfate [NiSO4], nickel chloride [NiCl2], and nickel nitrate [Ni(NO3)2]. The solubilities of the nickel compounds in saline solution were in the following order; [Ni(NO3)2>NiCl2>NiSO4]≫[NiS>Ni3S2]>[NiO(B)>Ni−M>NiO(G)]. The Ni level in the visceral organs was higher in the rats given soluble Ni compounds; Ni(NO3)2, NiCl2, NiSO4, than that in the rats receiving other compounds. In the rats to which soluble Ni compounds were administered, 80–90% of
the recovered Ni amounts in the examined organs was detected in the kidneys. On the other hand, the Ni concentration in organs
administered scarcely soluble Ni compounds; NiO(B), NiO(G), and Ni−M were very low. The estimated absorbed fraction of each
Ni compounds was increased with the increase of the solubility. These results suggest that the kinetic behavior of Ni compounds
administered orally is closely related with the solubility of Ni compounds, and that the solubility of Ni compounds is one
of the important factors for determining the health effect of Ni compounds. 相似文献
16.
17.
The asymptotic information in censored survival data 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
18.
19.
A note on estimation for gamma and stable processes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
20.
Radial estimates and the test for sphericity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1