狄斯瓦螨与蜜蜂的寄生关系

蜜蜂Apis spp.是重要的经济昆虫,也是研究最为深入和广泛的社会性昆虫。狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor是蜜蜂的体外寄生虫,是对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂群健康危害最为严重的生物因子。近十多年来,由于全球蜂群损失现象严重,而同时以蜜蜂为代表的授粉昆虫的健康直接关系到农业生产和生态安全,关于狄斯瓦螨与蜜蜂的寄生关系的研究受到极大关注。作为社会性昆虫的一种体外寄生虫,狄斯瓦螨不仅需要适应蜜蜂个体的生长发育,借助蜜蜂化蛹期间的封盖期完成繁殖,同时还要能够逃避蜜蜂社会性行为的清理。本文从狄斯瓦螨的生物学特性以及其与寄主间的互作关系等方面进行论述,以期进一步理解寄生虫-无脊椎动物寄主(特别是社会性昆虫寄主)的相互作用,为寄生虫病学研究提供借鉴。     

Host recognition and selection by Aphytis species: Response to California red, oleander, and cactus scale cover extracts

One or more chemicals associated with the host's cover appear to play a major role in host recognition by Aphytis species. Aphytis melinus DeBach, A. lingnanensis Compère, A. coheni DeBach and Comperiella bifasciata Howard, all parasitoids of diaspidid scale-insects, were found to respond to water extracts of California red scale covers, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.); A. melinus and A. lingnanensis responded to water extracts of cactus scale covers, Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché); and A. chilensis Howard to water extracts of oleander scale covers, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché. A. lingnanensis responded to water extracts of cactus scale covers only if it had been reared on this scale. A. melinus also responded to ethanol extracts of California red scale covers while A. lingnanensis did not. A. melinus failed to respond to water extracts of California red scale covers after a single ovipositional experience on California red scale. Such kairomones might prove useful in screening natural enemies as potential biological control agents for specific hosts as well as in elucidating the mechanisms by which parasitoids of scale-insects differentiate among potential hosts.

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Résumé Aphytis lingnanensis, A. melinus, A. coheni et Comperiella bifasciata réagissent tous à des extraits aqueux d'Aonidiella aurantii, tandis qu'A. chiliensis réagit aux extraits aqueux d'Aspidiotus nérii. La réaction de A. coheni aux extraits aqueux d'A. aurantii confirme les écrits de Quednau et Hübsche (1964). Nous n'avons pas été capables d'observer une réaction de A. chrysomphali aux extraits aqueux d'A. aurantii. Comme nous n'avons pas essayé de traiter les boucliers avec d'autres solvants, nous ne pouvons pas affirmer l'absence de réponse de cet aphélinide aux kairomones de cette cochenille.Que A. melinus et A. lingnanensis aient été élevés sur Aspidiotus nerii ou sur Aonidiella aurantii, ils ne réagissent pas aux extraits aqueux d'A. nerii; qui est accepté comme hôte par ces deux aphélinides au laboratoire. Ces résultats suggèrent que d'autres éléments, comme la forme ou la texture, jouent aussi un rôle important dans la détermination des hôtes. A. melinus et A. lingnanensis réagissent tous deux aux extraits aqueux de boucliers de Diaspis echinocacti; cependant, après élevage sur D. echinocacti, seul A. lingnanensis réagit à l'extrait. La réaction de A. melinus à l'extrait de D. echinocacti suggère que cet aphélinide est préadapté chimiosensoriellement à déceler cette cochenille, dont la distribution est néotropicale tandis que celle de A. melinus orientale. A. melinus a été élevé à partir de D. echinocacti récoltés dans la nature. La réaction de A. lingnanensis aux extraits de D. echinocacti uniquement lorsqu'il a élévé dessus, suggère qu'un conditionnement préimaginal peut aussi jouer un rôle dans la détermination de l'hôte.

     

Effect of three diaspididae prey species on development and fecundity of the ladybeetle Chilocorus bipustulatus in the laboratory

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the most suitable prey for the development and fecundity of the predatory coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) on three different diaspidid species: Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti). Life tables were constructed at constant 25°C and the developmental time, longevity, fecundity, and the sex ratio were determined. Individuals fed with A. nerii displayed the shortest larval and pupal developmental time (26.0 days), lowest immature mortality rate (16.6%), highest net reproduction rate (264.7 females/ female), shortest generation time (72.9 days), and the highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.077 females/female/day). The results showed that under laboratory conditions C. bipustulatus developed best on A. nerii.     

Hessian fly-resistance gene transferred from chromosome 4Mv of Aegilops ventricosa to Triticum aestivum

 A new Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) resistance gene from Aegilops ventricosa and its transfer to hexaploid wheat is described. The 4D(4M^v) substitution line H-93-33 derived from the cross [(Triticum turgidum H-1-1×Aegilops ventricosa no. 11)×Triticum aestivum H-10-15] was highly resistant to the Spanish population tested. Resistance seemed to be inherited as a single dominant factor in the F₂ generation resulting from a cross of H-93-33 with its susceptible parent (H-10-15). Resistance in Ae. venticosa no. 10 was located on chromosome 4M^v using M^v wheat/Ae. ventricosa addition lines. The resistance gene transferred from Ae. ventricosa no. 11 to H-93-33 (H27) is allelic with respect to that of Ae. ventricosa no. 10 and is non-allelic with respect to the genes H3 and H6 from Monon and Caldwell respectively. The assignment of H27 gene to chromosome 4M^v is further supported by its linkage to a gene encoding isozyme Acph-M^v1, previously located on chromosome 4M^v in the line H-93-33. A new marker from homoeologous chromosome group 4 (Amp-M^v2) present in H-93-33 and the 4M^v addition line is described. Received: 12 October 1996 / Accepted: 22 November 1996     

克什米尔蜜蜂病毒(KBV)研究进展

克什米尔蜜蜂病毒(Kashmir bee virus, KBV)作为一种毒力较强的蜜蜂急性病毒,自20世纪70年代被分离鉴定以来,已发现其广泛侵染世界各地的东方蜜蜂Apis cerana和西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera。KBV在蜂群内通过垂直和水平两种方式进行传播,且狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor在其中扮演着重要角色,这使得KBV的分布范围持续扩散。目前已报道的病毒宿主除蜜蜂外,其还可侵染熊蜂、胡蜂等多种野生授粉昆虫。同时,KBV作为一种典型的双顺反子病毒科病毒,由于其在分子生物学上与同科的蜜蜂急性麻痹病毒(acute bee paralysis virus, ABPV)和以色列急性麻痹病毒(Israeli acute paralysis virus, IAPV)间的高相似性,对该病毒流行性的调查与检测、分类等研究的混乱局面也接踵而至。本文对过去40多年来的KBV相关研究进行综述,以期为KBV及类似昆虫病毒的后续研究提供一定的参考和借鉴,促进养蜂业的健康发展。     

甘薯、胡萝卜发根单寄主培养体系繁殖马铃薯腐烂线虫的研究

利用发根农杆菌A4转化甘薯品种徐薯18和胡萝卜品种天红2号的发根,建立甘薯茎线虫病病原线虫(马铃薯腐烂线虫)的单寄主培养体系。通过该体系对马铃薯腐烂线虫的行为进行观察以及繁殖情况进行调查。结果表明:(1)马铃薯腐烂线虫在甘薯和胡萝卜发根上都能正常发育和繁殖,完成其生活周期;(2)培养4周和8周后,在甘薯发根上线虫繁殖倍数分别为2.6和50.6倍;在胡萝卜发根上线虫繁殖倍数分别为1.7和9.9倍;相同培养时间内,线虫在甘薯发根上的繁殖数极显著高于在胡萝卜发根上的繁殖数。(3)利用发根系统繁殖马铃薯腐烂线虫,便于研究其行为,在显微镜下可以直接观察到线虫在发根上活动情况,这对研究发根和线虫相互关系十分有利。基于上述结果,初步证实构建甘薯发根单寄主培养体系繁殖马铃薯腐烂线虫是可行的,且优于胡萝卜发根繁殖马铃薯腐烂线虫体系。     

Structure génétique des cécidomyies des céréales en Tunisie

Genetic structure of Hessian flies in Tunisia. The genetic structure of M. destructor and M. hordei was investigated by sampling 21 fields of cereals in 14 localities of central and southern Tunisia. As previously shown, there was no strict association between the cereal species (wheat, barley and oat) and the Mayetiola species. M. destructor males displayed no heterozygosity at the Pgm3 locus, indicating that they were hemizygous as is the PGM locus in North America. In M. hordei, heterozygous males were observed at all loci, but strong heterozygote deficits were found at two loci (Mdh2 et Hk). Since no such deficit was observed in females, the population structure of M. hordei was studied only in females. Although heterozygosity was two fold higher in M. hordei than in M. destructor, the two species were similar for other genetic characteristics, including a low (Fst < 0.05) but significant (P < 0.05) genetic differentiation, no isolation by distance, and similar rates of gene flow (5.7 ≤ Nm ≤ 9.6). These results are discussed in relation to their consequences in the event of controlling Tunisian Hessian flies using wheat cultivars that are resistant to a M. destructor biotype.     

The biology of Penthaleus species in southeastern Australia

Earth mites are major pests of pastures and crops within southern Australia. While the biology and ecology of the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) have been studied extensively, the blue oat mite (Penthaleus major) and its recently discovered relative, Penthaleus falcatus, have received little attention. The distribution of H. destructor, P. major and P. falcatus is described in Victoria, Australia, and the inland borders in central New South Wales are re-described. A new undescribed Penthaleus species identified from mallee samples is recognized, and its restricted distribution in Victoria is mapped. Electrophoretic data and the complete absence of males indicate that all Penthaleus species are obligate thelytokous parthenogens. The three Penthaleus species differ in clonal diversity. All species are pests of pastures and/or crops, however the preferred plant hosts of P. major and P. falcatus differ. Tolerance of a commonly used pesticide (omethoate) differs between the species. P. falcatus shows the highest LC₅₀, and may be responsible for pesticide control failures. Rearing methods for P. major and P. falcatus are described. The large differences between these blue oat mite species point to difficulties in interpreting early published data that failed to distinguish them.     

蜜蜂瓦螨敏感卫生行为研究进展

蜜蜂具有很高的生态价值和经济价值,对农业生产帮助巨大。然而,狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor寄生给西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂群造成重大损失,对蜜蜂健康构成严重威胁,因此,狄斯瓦螨的防治变得尤为紧要。虽然化学防治是防治狄斯瓦螨常用且有效措施,但仍存在许多缺点,如造成蜂产品污染、导致蜂螨产生抗药性等。另一方面,培育抗螨蜂种被证明是可持续的狄斯瓦螨防治方法。瓦螨敏感卫生行为(Varroa sensitive hygiene, VSH)是蜜蜂重要的抗螨性状之一。本文从狄斯瓦螨的生活周期、对蜜蜂的危害、蜜蜂抗螨行为、瓦螨敏感卫生行为调控和遗传育种等方面进行综述,为狄斯瓦螨防治和抗螨蜂种选育提供参考。     

微孢子虫和狄斯瓦螨分别侵染后的意蜂血淋巴蛋白质含量变化

微孢子虫Nosema apis和狄斯瓦螨微孢子虫Nosema apis和狄斯瓦螨 Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)均为危害意蜂Apis mellifera的重要寄生虫,该文对其危害后意蜂血淋巴蛋白质含量的变化进行了研究。用考马斯亮蓝法测定了意蜂受侵染后血淋巴的蛋白质总量,并用高压超薄层等电点聚焦法进行血淋巴蛋白质分类。结果显示,病蜂血淋巴蛋白质总量,在人工感染微孢子虫后1～10天呈微孢子虫Nosema apis和狄斯瓦螨 Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)均为危害意蜂Apis mellifera的重要寄生虫,该文对其危害后意蜂血淋巴蛋白质含量的变化进行了研究。用考马斯亮蓝法测定了意蜂受侵染后血淋巴的蛋白质总量,并用高压超薄层等电点聚焦法进行血淋巴蛋白质分类。结果显示,病蜂血淋巴蛋白质总量,在人工感染微孢子虫后1～10天呈上升趋势,然后逐渐下降,感染后12～27天保持在感染前意蜂血淋巴总蛋白质含量水平以下。螨侵染后意蜂血淋巴蛋白质含量明显增高,与健康意蜂相比差异极显著。高压超薄层等电点聚焦分析表明：狄斯瓦螨自然侵染意蜂后,意蜂血淋巴蛋白质组分与健康对照组相比发生了明显改变。这些结果提示,意蜂对于微孢子虫或狄斯瓦螨的侵染产生了一定的免疫反应。