柱层析法纯化人血纤维蛋白原及其药理功能研究

目的:探讨层析法新工艺和原有的低温乙醇工艺制备纤维蛋白原在大鼠跟腱断裂模型中促恢复的效果差异。方法:构建大鼠跟腱部位断裂模型,将其分为空白组(未剪跟腱)、模型组(跟腱断裂未给药)、实验组(自制纤维蛋白原2 mg/mL)与对照组(市售纤维蛋白原2 mg/mL),观察各组大鼠在手术后三周跟腱部位的最大滑动距离、弹性模量和最大抗拉力差异。结果:采用冷沉淀溶解、酸沉除杂、S/D灭活病毒、MacroCap Q柱层析、过滤等流程可从人血浆冷沉淀组分Ⅰ中成功分离纯度为90.9%纤维蛋白原。试验中构建的大鼠跟腱部位断裂模型无感染、且均存活至试验终止。生物力学结果显示,四组大鼠跟腱在最大滑行距离上无明显统计学差异(P0.05);在跟腱部位弹性模量及最大抗压力比较上,实验组及对照组均优于模型组,但与空白组仍有一定差距,且差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用柱层析法分离人纤维蛋白原,不仅能有效提高分离效率,减少蛋白损失,还可增强纤维蛋白原在断裂跟腱中的促恢复效果。     

Assessing cranial plasticity in humans: The impact of artificial deformation on masticatory and basicranial structures

Artificial cranial deformations (ACD) are a widespread cultural practice found in numerous historical and prehistoric contexts. Their study can yield valuable insight into craniofacial growth, specifically into the interactions between neurocranial and basicranial modules. This study seeks to reinvestigate the presumed effect of ACD on basicranial and masticatory elements by applying a 3D geometric morphometric approach to CT scans. A total of 51 French and Bolivian skulls, representing anteroposterior and circumferential deformations and including undeformed individuals, were scanned, and 3D landmarks were submitted to between-group principal components analysis and two-block partial least-squares analysis. Our results illustrate changes in basicranial shape and in cranial base angles induced by ACD, as well as in masticatory geometry, namely in the relative position of the mandibular fossae. Furthermore, our findings highlight differential effects of the various deformation types, which suggest that patterns of covariation between modified vaults and their associated basicrania are more complex than previously assumed, thereby stressing the degree of plasticity in human craniofacial growth.     

Evaluation of lamb performance and costs in motherless rearing of German Grey Heath sheep under field conditions using automatic feeding systems

Performance and costs were evaluated for 205 German Grey Heath lambs reared artificially under field conditions using three feeding and three weaning regimes. In phase 1 (pre-weaning), ad libitum feeding of milk replacer (MR) on an automatic lamb feeder was compared to restricted MR feeding on the modified calf feeder “Stand alone II^®” or with buckets. In phase 2 (after weaning at 12 kg body weight), abrupt weaning was compared to gradual weaning systems with reduction of the amount or the concentration of MR over 2 weeks. In phase 1, average daily gains (ADG) were highest in the Ad libitum group (0.262 ± 0.032 kg/d), followed by Bucket and Stand alone with 0.227 ± 0.036 kg/d and 0.209 ± 0.023 kg/d, respectively (P < 0.05). In contrast, feed conversion rate was best for group Stand alone (1.17:1), compared to 1.20:1 in group Bucket and 1.23:1 in group Ad libitum. In phase 2, abrupt weaning caused weight loss in lambs from the Ad libitum and Bucket groups, but not in group Stand alone. No post-weaning growth check was seen in lambs weaned gradually. In general, differences in body weight (BW) between groups were low, and on d 70, no significant difference was seen between feeding groups, whereas lambs weaned abruptly still had lower BW than lambs weaned by reducing the amount of MR (P < 0.05). Total lamb mortality was 3.9%, with no accumulation of infectious disease in any of the feeding or weaning groups. Economic analysis revealed that total costs in phase 1 were highest for group Stand alone (57–70 € per lamb), followed by the Bucket group (63 € per lamb). Although MR consumption was higher in the Ad libitum group, this method was the most cost-efficient (50–54 € per lamb), because purchase price of the feeder and labor costs were relatively low. In phase 2, gradual weaning systems added costs of 4.70–9.50 € per lamb. Our findings indicate that the most efficient way to rear 60–120 lambs artificially under field conditions is by using an automatic ad libitum lamb feeder followed by abrupt weaning.     

Reef fish assemblage structure affected by small-scale spacing and size variations of artificial patch reefs

To examine how varying the distance between patch reefs affects reef fish assemblage structure, replicate concrete reef modules (∼ 1 m³ each) were deployed on sand bottom at 8 m depth off Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA (26°07N, 80°05W). Modules were positioned at the apices of one of four differently sized equilateral triangles. Triangular configurations had side lengths of: 25 m, 15 m, 5 m, and 0.33 m; each treatment with two replicates. Two additional configurations: (1) a solitary module (Single) and (2) two modules side by side (Double), also with two replicates, were deployed in order to examine the interaction of reef size with fish assemblages. SCUBA divers censused fishes monthly, for 2 years, recording the species present, their abundance and sizes (TL). Fishes were assigned to one of five length categories: < 2 cm, > 2-5 cm, > 5-10 cm, > 10-20 cm, and > 20 cm. In general and excluding the smallest three-module spacing treatment (0.33 m treatment), which may have provided unique treatment-specific refuge, total fish abundance and richness were shown to increase when isolation distance increased. However, there were also species-specific and size class differences in response to isolation distance. The second part of this study indicated varying reef size, by doubling and tripling the number of reef modules, increased total fish abundance and species richness. Nevertheless, fish abundance and species richness did not change by an identical multiplier (e.g., doubling modules ≠ double abundance). These results suggest that scientists and marine managers alike should consider reef size and isolation as habitat attributes capable of altering the structure and dynamics of reef fish assemblages.     

Collagen fibrillogenesis in tendon development: current models and regulation of fibril assembly

Tendons are collagen-based fibrous tissues that connect and transmit forces from muscle to bone. These tissues, which are high in collagen type I content, have been studied extensively to understand collagen fibrillogenesis. Although the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, our understanding has continued to progress. Here, we review two prevailing models of collagen fibrillogenesis and discuss the regulation of the process by candidate cellular and extracellular matrix molecules. Although numerous molecules have been implicated in the regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis, we focus on those that have been suggested to be particularly relevant to collagen type I fibril formation during tendon development, including members of the collagen and small leucine-rich proteoglycan families, as well as other molecules, including scleraxis, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, and cytoskeletal proteins.     

天然高分子复合人工肌腱组织细胞外基质的构建与表征

胶原与壳聚糖是2种具有较好生物相容性和一定力学强度的天然高分子,可在肌腱组织工程中用于细胞外基质的构建,但二者单独使用时各有不足.本研究利用二者性能上的互补,在一定的外力场作用下,采用EDC/NHS对2种天然高分子材料进行共价交联,获得具有一定空间取向和力学强度的多孔支架,然后引入细胞黏附因子RGD进行表面修饰,构建了具有较好组织相容性和细胞亲和性及适当降解速率的人工肌腱组织细胞外基质.对基质材料的力学性能、亲水性、体外降解速率等的检测和显微观察,结果显示:所构建的多孔支架材料柔软富有弹性,抗拉强度达:15.0Mpa,相应形变为:7.33%;孔隙率:79.4%;吸水率:772%;保水率:206%;在RPM1640培养液(含10%胎牛血清)和人血清中,3周总降解率分别为4.13%和37.2%,其降解速率可与肌腱修复周期相吻合,RGD修饰后材料对3T3-L1细胞具有较好的亲和性.有望成为理想的人工肌腱组织和人造皮肤细胞外基质,或整形手术的软组织填充材料.     

Influence of suspended clay on phosphorus uptake by periphyton

We investigated the effect of suspended clay upon the phosphorus uptake rate exhibited by lotic periphyton communities. Suspended inorganic clays and periphyton are common to aquatic environments, and both can strongly influence physical and chemical water conditions. We used replicated artificial stream channels to test the prediction that suspended clay particles would affect the uptake of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) by periphyton. Commercially available kaolinite and bentonite clays were characterized for their aqueous suspension behavior and affinities for SRP. Periphyton was grown in a recirculating stream system and subjected to simultaneous suspended clay and SRP additions. SRP removal from solution, both in the presence and absence of suspended clays, was used to quantify SRP uptake parameters by periphyton. Clay type and concentrations of 20, 80, and 200 mg l⁻¹ had no significant effect upon SRP uptake rate exhibited by periphyton during three 90-min experiments. Less than 1% of SRP removal was attributable to the suspended clay load or artificial stream construction materials, based on clay isotherm data and material sorption studies, indicating that 99% of SRP removal was attributable to biotic uptake. Removal of SRP (as KH₂PO₄) was described by a first-order equation with rate constants ranging between 0.02 and 0.14 min⁻¹. Our results suggest that high turbidity conditions caused by suspended mineral clays have little immediate effect upon SRP removal from the water column by periphyton. Handling editor: D. Ryder     

放牧、刈割及摘顶对亚热带人工草地牧草种群的影响

通过比较放牧、刈割及摘顶3种干扰发现,适度放牧、刈割提高了亚热带高山人工草地鸭茅、黑麦草种群的适应性,部分原因在于2种干扰均对牧草进行了摘顶．摘顶解除了牧草的顶端优势及生殖生长。放牧、刈割对牧草产生的生态影响在某种程度上可通过摘顶而实现。从而提高种群密度、热值及能量积累．单因子的人工摘顶试验表明,牧草顶端优势的维持降低了牧草种群密度,抑制了能量积累。从抑制了种间竞争．持续摘顶解除了牧草的顶端优势。促进了牧草密度及能量的增长,从而提高了牧草种群的竞争力．     

热休克法抑制第一次卵裂实现草鱼雌核发育的细胞学观察

用组织切片方法系统地观察了草鱼卵被经辐射处理的鲤精子激活后进行第一次卵裂的发育过程。实验表明：在24℃孵化水温下草鱼卵在被激活后24min进入第一次卵裂胶期,27－30min处于中期,33min进入后期。由此可知被激活的草鱼卵子在第24min时已经完成染色体的复制,使草鱼卵子雌核染色体人工加倍的最佳时期是在被激活后的27－30min这一时间区段内。此外,用不同热休克温度和不同的热休克强度处理已完成染色体复制的被激活草鱼卵,表明草鱼卵经41℃处理2min可得到较高比例的基因纯合型雌核发育二倍体鱼。