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121.
122.
Allen H. Hurlbert 《Ecology letters》2004,7(8):714-720
Species–energy theory is a commonly invoked theory predicting a positive relationship between species richness and available energy. The More Individuals Hypothesis (MIH) attempts to explain this pattern, and assumes that areas with greater food resources support more individuals, and that communities with more individuals include more species. Using a large dataset for North American birds, I tested these predictions of the MIH, and also examined the effect of habitat complexity on community structure. I found qualitative support for the relationships predicted by the MIH, however, the MIH alone was inadequate for fully explaining richness patterns. Communities in more productive sites had more individuals, but they also had more even relative abundance distributions such that a given number of individuals yielded a greater number of species. Richness and evenness were also higher in structurally complex forests compared to structurally more simple grasslands when controlling for available energy. 相似文献
123.
Makoto Kato 《Population Ecology》1996,38(1):27-40
Population dynamics of a leafminer,Chromatomyia suikazurae (Agromyzidae, Diptera) and its parasitoid community were studied for ten years at seven natural populations along an altitudinal gradient in Japan. This species which mines leaves of a forest shrub,Lonicera gracilipes (Caprifoliaceae), was attacked by 25 hymenopterous parasitoid species. Annually, the parasitoid community structure varied less within a population than among populations. The seven parasitoid communities were clustered into three groups corresponding to the altitudinal gradient: (a) lowland communities dominated by late-attacking, generalist pupal idiobiont eulophids and with highest species diversity, (b) hillside communities dominated by an early-attacking, specialist larval-pupal koinobiont braconid and (c) highland communities dominated by an early-attacking, generalist larval idiobiont eulophid. Annual changes of the host larval densities among the local populations were largely synchronous rather than cyclic. Among these populations, host density levels and mortality patterns greatly varied. By analyzing these inter-populational differences of host mortality patterns, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The host mortality patterns were determined by the host utilization patterns of the locally dominant species. (2) The host pupal mortality but not larval mortality was related to species diversity but not to species richness itself of each parasitoid community. (3) Density dependence was detected only in pupal mortality at a lowland population dominated by late-attacking pupal parasitoids. These results suggest that interspecific interactions of parasitoids add additive effects to host population dynamics dissimilarly among local populations with different parasitoid communities. 相似文献
124.
单甲脒农药对模型池塘生态系统群落结构的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在3m×1m×1m(V=3m3)含有底泥的模型池塘生态系统中研究单脒农药对水生生物群落结构的影晌。规定实验浓度力0、1.5、3.0、6.0和12.0mg/L,每15d加入1次25%单甲脒农药水剂,连续加入4次,实验进行2个多月。在实验浓度范围内,童甲脒农药对水生生物群落产生不同程度的影响。浮游生物比较敏感:加药后头几天内,种类、数量及多样性指数下降,浓度越大,影响越明显;大约1周以后,各处理组浮游生物群落逐步得到恢复,实验后期其数量甚至可超过对照水平,但群落结构发生改变,敏感种类少或消失,耐污种类增加,生物多样性降低。底栖生物比较耐污:处理槽大型水生植物的叶绿素含量有所减少,但其种类和生物量未见明显差异;底栖动物种类、数量也未见明显变化。微生物最耐污,在处理槽水层及沉积物中好氧异养菌数量有所增加,沉积物中厌气菌数量也有增加的趋势。青鱼对单甲脒农药较敏感,在1.5mg/L以下浓度尚能正常存活和繁殖。单甲脒农药水剂明显增加水体氮、磷含量,尤其磷酸盐含量高,使水体氮、磷比例失调,可能导致水体富营养化。根据综合指标分析,在规定单甲脒盆酸盐浓度<1.5mg/L的实验条件下,水生生物群落结构未见明显改变. 相似文献
125.
有机磷农药对土壤动物群落结构的影响研究 总被引:51,自引:3,他引:48
本文研究了有机磷农药废水灌溉对土壤动物群落结构的影响,并探讨了影响机理,结果表明,土壤动物种类和数量随着农药影响程度的增加而减少,在农药污染影响严重的1、2区,计有土壤动物21类和22类,动物平均密度为28571个/m^2和51269个/m^2,受中度和轻蔗污染影响的3、4区分别有35类和47类,平均密度为59285个/m^2,156587个/m^2。污染区土壤动物种类的减少主要由于常见类群和稀有 相似文献
126.
鼎湖山亚热带季风常绿阔叶林的生物量和光能利用效率 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
报道鼎湖山自然保护区黄果厚壳桂群落的生物量、生产力和光能利用效率。根据群落的种类成分和结构特征,分层选主要树种,用样本收获法和红外线CO2气体分析法,测定了群落的生物量、光合速率和呼吸速率,计算了群落的生产力和光能利用效率.结果表明,群落的生物量为208t·hm-2;总生产力为128704kJ·m-3·a-1,净生产力为30451kJ·m-2·a-1;由总生产力计算光合有效辐射能的吸收利用率为9,66%,净生产力的利用率为2.286%,并与厚壳桂群落作比较,阐明了南亚热带森林群落的生产潜力. 相似文献
127.
128.
矮嵩草草甸植物群落的光合、暗呼吸和土壤呼吸的研究表明:光合作用的日变化在6月份接近平坦型,7、8月份呈午间降低型。矮嵩草草甸植物群落的光合作用受较低的光合面积指数及冠层叶片的受光势态的影响,存在着明显的光饱和现象,光补偿点及光饱和点相对于全日照光合有效辐射均较低,接近于单叶的光响应特性。裸露地面的土壤呼吸和植物与土壤体系的暗呼吸不仅与温度有关,而且与土壤水分状况和降雨量也有密切联系。影响草甸群落光合特性的主要因素有:高原地区强烈的太阳辐射,较低的光合面积指数和植物根系与土壤紧密结合所形成的草结皮层结构。 相似文献
129.
本文采用自行设汁的蒸散仪和加拿大Campbe 11科学仪器公司生产的自动气象设备测定了松嫩草原碱化草地角碱蓬群落的蒸散、蒸腾量、太阳辐射及空气温度等环境因子。分析结果表明生长季的睛天条件下,角碱蓬群落的蒸散、蒸腾速率的日进程均为单峰曲线,且各月份间差异很大。群落蒸腾速率与太阳辐射强度、空气温度、相对湿度、风速等环境因子紧密相关,其中与太阳辐射强度呈极显著正相关关系。生长季降雨量和土壤含水量在角碱蓬群落水分循环与平衡的过程中起重要调节作用。1992年6~8月的生长季中,角碱蓬群落总的水分亏缺较少(6.3mm),但各月份间差异很大,其中6月份水分亏缺最高(30.1mm)。 相似文献
130.
Soil microbial diversity and the sustainability of agricultural soils 总被引:72,自引:1,他引:71
Many world ecosystems are in various states of decline evidenced by erosion, low productivity, and poor water quality caused by forest clearing, intensive agricultural production, and continued use of land resources for purposes that are not sustainable. The biological diversity of these systems is being altered. Little research has been conducted to quantify the beneficial relationships between microbial diversity, soil and plant quality, and ecosystem sustainability. Ecosystem functioning is governed largely by soil microbial dynamics. Differences in microbial properties and activities of soils have been reported but are restricted to general ecological enumeration methods or activity levels, which are limited in their ability to describe a particular ecosystem. Microbial populations and their responses to stresses have been traditionally studied at the process level, in terms of total numbers of microorganisms, biomass, respiration rates, and enzyme activities, with little attention being paid to responses at the community or the organismal levels. These process level measurements, although critical to understanding the ecosystem, may be insensitive to community level changes due to the redundancy of these functions. As microbial communities comprise complex interactions between diverse organisms, they should be studied as such, and not as a black box into which inputs are entered and outputs are received at measured rates. Microbial communities and their processes need to be examined in relation to not only the individuals that comprise the community, but the effect of perturbations or environmental stresses on those communities. 相似文献