Different Patterns of Gas Exchange and Photochemical Efficiency in Three Desert Shrub Species Under Two Natural Temperatures and Irradiances in Mu Us Sandy Area of China

Field studies of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of three desert shrub species, Hedysarum fruticosum var. mongolicum, Artemisia ordosia, and Salix pasmmophylla, showed different patterns under different leaf temperature (T₁) and incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). H. fruticosum var. mongolicum and A. ordosia exhibited higher P _N and g _s than S. pasmmophylla, especially under very high T₁ (>46 °C) and high PPFD (>2 100 µmol m^–2 s^–1) in hot summer. The decreases of P _N with the diurnal course were due mainly to stomata closure. However, P _N of S. pasmmophylla was seriously depressed by very high temperature from midday to evening as shown by the negative P _N in hot summer, whereas none of such depression was found in spring. Maximal spring photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2), i.e, F_v/F_m, was the lowest at 16:00, indicating the injury of PS2 by heat at this stage. In hot summer again, all the three shrubs underwent pronounced midday depression of P _N and g _s, while in spring they showed a one-peak response. And the first peak appeared 2 h earlier in hot summer than in spring for all the three shrubs. It was the high temperature that led to the different patterns of gas exchange and the serious depression of P _N in S. pasmmophylla. H. fruticosum var. mongolicum and A. ordosia were much more tolerant to heat and high irradiance than S. pasmmophylla, which fixed most of CO₂ at the fast growing stage in spring. Nevertheless, in hot summer it had to survive the severe hot environment through strong respiration and storage of CO₂ only in the early morning.     

银型磷酸锆盐抗菌粉对青蒿根生长的影响及生长动力学研究

在植物组织和细胞培养过程中,尤其是在生物反应器培养中的染菌问题,一直是制约植物细胞培养工业化的难题.通过比较各种防腐剂的抑菌效果,确定银型磷酸锆盐抗菌粉为青蒿根培养的最佳防腐剂.银型磷酸锆盐抗菌粉在浓度为30 mg/L时,既能降低培养液的染菌几率,又不明显抑制青蒿根的生长及青蒿素的生物合成.在添加30 mg/L抗菌粉的培养液中进行的青蒿根生长、pH值变化以及残糖、铵离子和硝酸根离子消耗的动力学研究表明,在40 d内青蒿根在培养液中生长良好,营养成分的消耗和对照呈相似的趋势.     

Compositional characteristics of the essential oil of Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa

The chemical variations of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa have been studied. Plant material has been harvested at each phenological status (vegetative, before anthesis, full flowering and seed-bearing). Analysis by GC and GC/MS of the essential oils have allowed to identify 51 components. The main components were γ-terpinene, capillene, 1-phenyl-2,4-pentadiyne, spathulenol, methyleugenol, p-cymene and β-pinene. Aromatic polyacetylens have been characterized for the first time in this species. Flowering involves an increase of these compounds in the essential oil.     

内生真菌Colletotrichum sp. B501的寡糖提取物对黄花蒿发根中青蒿素生物合成的诱导(英文)

在黄花蒿 (ArtemisiaannuaL .)发根液体培养中 ,黄花蒿内生炭疽菌 (Colletotrichumsp .B5 0 1)细胞壁寡糖提取物可促进发根青蒿素的合成。经寡糖诱导子 (2 0mg/L)处理 4d后 ,发根青蒿素含量达 1.15mg/g ,比对照高出6 4 .2 9%。诱导作用与诱导子浓度、作用时间相关。诱导处理 1d后 ,X射线能谱分析表明黄花蒿发根细胞中Ca2 积累量显著增高 ,电镜观察发现液泡内出现高电子致密物 ,具活性氧清除作用的过氧化物酶表现出高活性 (6 .5unit·min-1·g-1FW)。诱导处理第三天 ,细胞核DNA呈梯度条带降解 ,部分细胞出现程序化死亡。内生菌细胞壁寡糖提取物引起的生理反应有利于细胞中青蒿素的生物合成。     

铜污染对野艾蒿生长发育的胁迫及伤害

通过水培试验,研究了Cu污染对野艾蒿生长发育的胁迫伤害.试验设Cu浓度为2.5、5、10、20和40 mg·L^-1,以植物生长指标及生理指标为测试指标,试验周期14 d.结果表明, 低浓度Cu处理(2.5 mg·L^-1)对野艾蒿生长有促进作用,但随Cu浓度增高(5～40 mg·LL^-1)则产生抑制效应.各项生长指标均与Cu浓度呈极显著负相关,叶绿素含量也产生类似变化.几种光合色素对Cu的敏感性顺序为：叶绿素a＞叶绿素a+b＞叶绿素b＞类胡萝卜素.叶细胞膜渗透性、O₂^-·产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量在Cu浓度为2.5 mg·L^-1时较对照略有下降,再随Cu浓度升高而不断上升.POD、SOD和CAT活性随Cu浓度升高先上升,后下降,与根系耐性指数变化一致.在Cu浓度不超过20 mg·L^-1情况下,根系耐性指数＞0.5;Cu浓度为40 mg·L^-1时,根系耐性指数降低为0.36.     

黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下猪毛蒿种内、种间竞争

猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)通常是黄土丘陵区撂荒演替前期群落优势种,在无人为干扰的情况下,猪毛蒿群落通常会向冰草(Agropyron cristatum)群落或阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)群落,或长芒草(Stipa bungeana)群落等演替。该文通过河阶地和梁峁阴坡中猪毛蒿生长特征的调查和种内、种间竞争田间试验,从植物竞争角度对猪毛蒿群落的演替机制给予了解释。结果表明:1)两类样地中猪毛蒿的生长都趋于小型化,有少数大个体和多数小个体,都存在异速生长现象,说明两类样地存在竞争,且对猪毛蒿的生长形态具有塑造作用; 2)由于单位地上生物量竞争效应排除了立地条件和个体大小的影响,因而比总竞争效应更能说明种对间的相对竞争能力。梁峁阴坡地和一、二级河阶地三种立地条件下,7种测试植物中对猪毛蒿的相对竞争能力以演替后期多年生植物较高,而演替前期一年生植物较低,说明演替后期种对前期种的竞争抑制是演替驱动力之一; 3)以各测试植物对猪毛蒿单位重量竞争抑制程度平均值来看,以梁峁阴坡地最大,二级河阶地次之,一级河阶地最小,说明立地条件越差,土壤资源可利用水平越低,竞争越激烈; 4)一级河阶地和梁峁阴坡地各测试植物对猪毛蒿的竞争等级发生了显著变化,说明环境条件差别较大时,植物的竞争等级会发生变化。     

Fine root distribution and persistence under field conditions of three co-occurring Great Basin species of different life form

Fine roots of an annual grass, a perennial grass and a perennial shrub were examined. Based on life histories and tissue composition, we expected the greatest root persistence for the shrub and shortest for the annual grass. Roots were observed with minirhizotrons over 2 yr for number, length and diameter changes. A Cox proportional hazard regression correlated root persistence with soil water, depth, diameter and date of production. In 2001, grass roots had similar persistence times, but shrub roots had the shortest. In 2002, the annual had the longest median root persistence, the perennial grass intermediate and the perennial shrub had the shortest. All species responded similarly to the magnitude of seasonal precipitation; root numbers increased with favorable soil moisture and disappeared with drying; fewer, thinner roots at greater soil depths were found in the drier year (2001). Root persistence increased with soil moisture, diameter and earlier appearance in the spring. Plasticity in root morphology and placement was influenced by water availability, yet persistence was surprisingly contrary to expectations.     

Exogenous GA<Subscript>3</Subscript> and flowering induce the conversion of artemisinic acid to artemisinin in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia annua</Emphasis> plants

The contents of artemisinin and artemisinic acid were monitored in the Artemisia annua plants treated with GA₃ at vegetative and flowering initiation stages. The highest artemisinin content was observed at full bloom. The decrease in artemisinic acid content occurred during the transition from the vegetative stage to the beginning of flowering. Endogenous GA₃ content in the leaves peaked at full bloom. At the vegetative stage, in plants treated with various concentrations of GA₃ , the content of artemisinin increased while that of artemisinic acid decreased. Apparently, the rate-limiting step in artemisinin biosynthesis was from artemisinic acid to artemisinin. The bottleneck of artemisinin biosynthesis was probably unlocked during the flowering or in the vegetative plants treated with GA₃ , which triggered off the conversion of artemisinic acid to artemisinin.From Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2005, pp. 68–73.Original English Text Copyright © 2005 by Zhang, Ye, Liu, Wang, Li.This article was presented by the authors in English.     

A cDNA clone for beta-caryophyllene synthase from Artemisia annua

An homology-based cloning strategy yielded a full-length cDNA from Artemisia annua that encoded a protein of 60.3 kDa which resembled a sesquiterpene synthase in sequence. Heterologous expression of the gene in Escherichia coli provided a soluble recombinant enzyme capable of catalyzing the divalent metal ion-dependent conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to beta-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene olefin found in the essential oil of A. annua. In reaction parameters and kinetic properties, beta-caryophyllene synthase resembles other sesquiterpene synthases of angiosperms. The beta-caryophyllene synthase gene is expressed in most plant tissues during early development, and is induced in mature tissue in response to fungal elicitor thus suggesting a role for beta-caryophyllene in plant defense.     

Biosynthesis of the irregular monoterpene artemisia ketone, the sesquiterpene germacrene D and other isoprenoids in Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae)

The incorporation of [1-13C]-labeled glucose into the irregular monoterpene artemisia ketone, the regular monoterpenes camphor and beta-thujone, the sesquiterpene germacrene D, the diterpene trans-phytol and beta-sitosterol and isofucosterol has been studied in axenic cultures of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae). Quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the resulting labeling patterns showed that the isoprene units of the monoterpenes and the diterpene are formed via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, whereas the isoprene building blocks of the sesquiterpene and the sterols originate from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway.