青蒿倍半萜合酶(环化酶)研究进展

青蒿素是从中药青蒿中分离得到的抗疟有效单体,是含有过氧基团的新型倍半萜内酯化合物,是目前世界上最有效的疟疾治疗药物。青蒿素的生物合成途径属于类异戊二烯代谢途径中的倍半萜类分支途径,倍半萜合酶是该途径的关键酶之一,目前已从青蒿中克隆了多个倍半萜合酶基因。综述了青蒿中已克隆的几种倍半萜合酶基因的研究进展。     

黄土高原蒿属植物花粉形态研究

运用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,观察了黄土高原32种蒿属植物的花粉形态,结果表明蒿属植物花粉形态具有高度一致性,支持传统的属级分类。根据花粉外壁纹饰,可将其分为5种类型。Ⅰ型:小刺密集,刺基部膨大,覆盖层有细小颗粒。Ⅱ型:小刺密集,刺基具显著膨大,几乎密集相连。Ⅲ型:小刺密集,刺基明显膨大状,覆盖层光滑。Ⅳ型:稀疏小刺,覆盖层光滑;轮廓线较光滑或微刺状。Ⅴ型:稀疏微刺,覆盖层有小颗粒;轮廓线较光滑,萌发沟细长,孔扁长。蒿属植物不同种花粉的大小、形状、萌发孔类型、外壁纹饰及边缘形态等方面均表现出一定的特异性,对蒿属植物种间鉴定分类及古植物孢粉鉴别均有一定的参考价值。     

Using an aerosol deposition model to increase hairy root growth in a mist reactor

Gas-phase reactors, including the mist reactor, have distinct advantages over liquid-phase reactors including the ability to manipulate the gas composition, to allow effective gas exchange in a densely growing biomass, and to affect secondary metabolite production. Mathematical modeling suggested that roots in a mist reactor are often too sparsely packed to capture mist particles efficiently and cannot, therefore, meet the nutrient demands required to maintain high growth rates. Indeed, growth rates of Artemisia annua hairy roots increased significantly when the initial packing density increased or when a higher sucrose concentration was used in the medium. Growth kinetics for 2, 4, and 6 days, however, showed a decrease or stationary growth rate after only 4 days for both 3 and 5% sucrose feeds. Residual medium analyses indicated that carbon was not exhausted, nor were any of the other major nutrients including phosphate. Increasing the mist duty cycle at constant carbon flux through the reactor reduced the growth rates slightly. In general, the aerosol deposition model correctly predicted how to optimize hairy root growth in the mist reactor.     

阿拉善退化沙地飞播植物群落演替趋势研究

阿拉善沙地飞播植被的形成和发育与生长季中的降水量及其季节分配有关。调查结果表明,当播种时月降水量大于65mm时,植物群落中高或较高存在度的植物种是蒙古沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)、沙鞭(Psammochloa villose)和白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala),重要值分别是64.9%、61.6%和23.7%,生物量2038.2kg·hm-2。飞播种时月降水量小于40mm时,植物群落中高的或较高存在度的种是白沙蒿、葡根骆驼蓬(Peganum nigellastrum),重要值依次是65.5%～66.6%、35.7%～46.1%,生物量1827.3～1834.7kg·hm-2。飞播植物群落种的数量随生长季节的变化而异,在6～9月,白沙蒿的重要值和生物量所占群落总量的比率逐月增多,种的存在度保持稳定,表现了较强的适应能力。蒙古沙拐枣的重要值和生物量在6～8月间表现出增长趋势,9月生物量有所减少,但其在植物群落中的表现相对比较稳定。沙鞭的重要值和生物量随季节变化而减少,表现出衰退趋势。以上结果表明,在沙地人工建植白沙蒿和蒙古沙拐枣是治理退化沙地的有效措施。     

Diversity of Endophytic Fungal Community in Leaves of Artemisia argyi Based on High-throughput Amplicon Sequencing

To investigate the community structure and diversity of endophytic fungi in the leaves of Artemisia argyi, leaf samples were collected from five A. argyi varieties grown in different cultivation areas in China, namely, Tangyin Beiai in Henan (BA), Qichun Qiai in Hubei (QA), Wanai in Nanyang in Henan (WA), Haiai in Ningbo in Zhejiang (HA), and Anguo Qiai in Anguo in Hebei (AQA), and analyzed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 365,919 pairs of reads were obtained, and the number of operational taxonomic units for each sample was between 165 and 285. The alpha diversity of the QA and BA samples was higher, and a total of two phyla, eight classes, 12 orders, 15 families, and 16 genera were detected. At the genus level, significant differences were noted in the dominant genera among the samples, with three genera being shared in all the samples. The dominant genus in QA was Erythrobasidium, while that in AQA, HA, and BA was Sporobolomyces, and that in WA was Alternaria, reaching a proportion of 16.50%. These results showed that the fungal community structure and diversity in QA and BA were high. The endophytes are of great importance to the plants, especially for protection, phytohormone and other phytochemical production, and nutrition. Therefore, this study may be significant with the industrial perspective of Artemisia species.     

Parallel evolutionary patterns in multiple lineages of arctic Artemisia L. (Asteraceae)

Early observers of plant evolution in the Arctic have noted a floristic similarity with temperate alpine regions and a predominance of high ploidy levels. The aim of our study was to survey these and other traits in multiple closely related but independently evolved lineages of Artemisia. Our phylogenetic study was based on 133 taxa using 3'-ETS and ITS, and on data on morphology, karyology, distribution, and ecological preferences. We compared Arctic lineages with sister groups and tested whether patterns were significantly different. We found: (1) Artemisia has independently adapted to Arctic habitats 13-18 times; (2) There were no ecological preferences of putative progenitors that might determine the colonization success in the Arctic, although most sister groups were centered in steppe habitats; (3) Plant height was distinctly reduced in Arctic lineages; (4) Arctic lineages contained no more polyploids than their respective sister groups or taxa from other habitats; (5) Enlarged flower heads have evolved repeatedly, probably for better pollinator attraction. This strategy could be a substitute for polyploidy, which is typical in other Arctic taxa. Stronger pollinator attraction should result in better outcrossing and higher heterozygosity in the offspring, which is among the main effects of polyploidy.     

Alpha-pinene-type monoterpenes and other constituents from Artemisia suksdorfii

Two alpha-pinene-type monoterpenes, 7-hydroxymyrtenol (1) and 7-hydroxymyrtenal (2), a inositol derivative, (+)-quebrachitol (3) and two p-menthene triols (4 and 5), in addition to two known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia suksdorfii. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by analysis of spectroscopic data (IR, HR-MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR), including high-field 2D NMR techniques ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOE) and in case of 3 was confirmed by X-ray analysis.     

超临界CO_2和微波辅助萃取艾叶挥发油工艺的研究

通过超临界CO2萃取均匀设计实验和微波辅助萃取艾叶挥发油的正交实验比较,考察影响提取的主要因素,寻求最佳萃取工艺。超临界CO2萃取最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力16MP,萃取温度31℃,CO2流量20kg/h和时间80min,得率3.75%;微波萃取最佳工艺条件为:辐射功率720w,辐射时间200s,溶剂量400mL,洗涤剂量50mL,得率4.85%。水蒸馏法提取率为1.87%。结果表明超临界CO2和水蒸馏法萃取艾叶挥发油品质最好;微波萃取收率最高,但品质较差。     

黄花蒿化感作用机理的初步研究

运用室内培养皿生物测定方法,对黄花蒿克生作用进行的研究结果表明,黄花蒿水浸提液对小麦幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度升高而加强。其对小麦根的抑制作用比对叶的抑制作用强。对受体小麦根尖压片的观察统计表明,黄花蒿的水浸提液影响了小麦根尖分生区细胞有丝分裂的正常进行,并随着供体黄花蒿水浸提液浓度的升高,小麦根尖分生区分裂期细胞数目下降;受体材料小麦的一些生理生化测定指标表明,黄花蒿水浸提液使供试小麦根系活力稍有减弱,可溶性蛋白含量明显升高,使根的核酸含量升高而叶的核酸含量降低;使叶绿素含量有较明显降低。     

Distribution of artemisinin and bioactive flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. during plant growth

Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao, Asteraceae) is a promising and potent antimalarial herbal drug. Its activity has been ascribed to the content of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is very effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium. Many studies have pointed out that the presence of polymethoxyflavonoids in the phytocomplex can enhance the bioavailability or the activity of artemisinin. In this study the production of both artemisinin and flavonoids by plants of an aromatic ecotype of A. annua L. was characterized in different aerial parts of the plants at different developmental stages. The qualitative profile of the investigated plant parts was similar; in addition to artemisinin, four flavonoids were identified: chrysoplenetin, casticin, eupatin and artemetin. The highest contents of both flavonoids and artemisinin were found at the full blooming stage. At this developmental stage, artemisinin was higher in leaves than in inflorescences, while the total flavonoid levels were similar in both plant organs.