甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世貘类化石(奇蹄目、貘科)一新种

描述在甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世地层中发现的貘属新种和政貘(Tapirus hezhengensis sp. nov.),它是貘属中已知最小的种之一。在基本特征上,临夏盆地的和政貘与现生貘已相当接近,前臼齿完全臼齿化,门齿、犬齿的数目和形态也与现生貘一致。东亚晚中新世缺少貘科化石的材料,和政貘的发现对中国第四纪貘类的来源提供了重要线索,显示中中新世起源于欧洲的真貘在晚中新世时期已扩散至东亚。貘类通常适应于潮湿的热带森林环境,但和政貘在华北三趾马动物群中的发现说明这类动物也能够生活于干旱的温带草原地区。     

陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组松鼠科和林跳鼠科化石

描述了陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组的松鼠类和林跳鼠类。松鼠科化石包括3个种:骊山花鼠(新种)Eutamias lishanemis sp.nov.,细小岩松鼠(新种)Sciurotamias pusillus sp.nov.和松鼠属(未定种)Sciurus sp.;林跳鼠科有两个种:西安脊仓跳鼠(新种)Lophocricetus xianensis sp.nov.和脊仓跳鼠(未定种)Lophocricetus sp.。在牙齿的形态上,蓝田松鼠科的新种分别与现生花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)和岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)很相似,但特征原始。其中Sciurotamias pusillus新种代表了该属最早的地史记录;Lophocricetus xianensis新种比内蒙古最晚中新世常见的葛氏脊仓跳鼠(Lophocricetus grabaui)原始得多,为中国现知较为原始的一种。这些新种的特征如下:骊山花鼠(Eutamias listmnensis):个体比现生花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)稍大,前臼齿和第三臼齿的尺寸比现生种的相对大。P4具完整的前边脊,明显臼齿化;上臼齿的原尖较收缩,中附尖不发育;M3无后脊;下臼齿的下内尖几乎融汇于后边脊,下中尖很小。细小岩松鼠(Sciurotamias pusillus):岩松鼠属中个体较小的一种,齿尖和齿脊比Sciurota- mias wangi和S.leilaoensis的高且较强壮。P4似三角形,前附尖膨大;M1/2的原尖收缩,时见小的后小尖和中附尖;m1/2的下内尖界限模糊,唇侧谷窄浅;m3明显向后扩展。西安脊仓跳鼠(Lophocricetus xianensts):Lophocricetus属中个体较小的一种,M1和M2具小或脊状的原附尖,m1和m2的外附尖和齿带不甚发育。M1的中尖通常弱,中脊短,内脊连接前尖或原脊,后边脊连接后脊;M2常见双前边脊,中脊伸达齿缘;m1下外脊的后部低、弱甚至断开,下次尖与下内尖或下中尖与下内尖间的脊连接;m2的下原尖连接下后尖或前边脊。脊仓跳鼠是中亚和北亚特有的一属啮齿动物,被认为从异蹶鼠属(Heterosminthus)演化而来,近10余年来有较多的发现和研究。本文特别对其系统关系进行了探讨,对属种的区分作了进一步界定。哺乳动物的研究显示,陕西蓝田地区晚中新世早期的气候可能比现代还要干旱。灞河动物群中松鼠类和林跳鼠类的出现,还表明了在这个温带开阔的草原环境中,尚有一些灌丛和林地。     

Ichnology and sedimentology of a tide‐influenced delta in the Ordovician from the northeastern Alborz range of Iran (Kopet Dagh region)

The Middle–Late Ordovician Ghelli Formation in the Kopet Dagh region northeastern Alborz range of Iran is composed of siliciclastic rocks deposited in a variety of turbidite to marginal marine environments (deep marine clastic fan and related environments and prodelta, distal delta front, proximal delta front and distributary channels). The ichnology of the middle member of the Ghelli Formation is here reported. Combined sedimentological and ichnological analysis allows recognition of a tide‐influenced deltaic succession in the middle member of the Ghelli Formation consisting of three main facies associations: lower distributary channels, delta front and prodelta facies. Twenty‐two ichnogenera have been identified in this marginal marine succession: Arenicolites, Arthrophycus, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Conichnus, Cruziana, Cylindrichnus, Didymaulichnus, Diplichnites, Diplocraterion, Helminthopsis, Gyrochorte, Lockeia, Macaronichnus, Monomorphichnus, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Rosselia, Rusophcus, Skolithos, Teichichnus and ?Scolicia. Their distribution is clearly linked with lithofacies and depositional palaeoenvironments. The ichnological analysis reveals that the trace fossil suites developed in these environments indicate low diversity and low to moderate abundance of burrows, poor development of tiering and sporadic distribution. Low ichnodiversity and low bioturbation intensities with higher bioturbation clusters consist of facies‐crossing ichnogenera, and the impoverishment of suspension‐feeding trophic types indicates ‘stressed’, non‐archetypal expression of the Cruziana ichnofacies. The periodic higher intensities of bioturbation due to variations in hydrodynamic regimes of tidal currents reflect the archetypal of the Cruziana ichnofacies (and rare Skolithos ichnofacies).     

熊果酸对酒精性骨质疏松大鼠骨形成、骨矿化的影响

目的：探讨熊果酸对酒精所致骨质疏松大鼠骨形成、骨矿化的影响。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠60只,按体重随机分为空白对照 组、熊果酸对照组、模型组、熊果酸低、中、高剂量组,同时分别给予生理盐水、150 mg/kg 熊果酸、50%酒精,50 mg/kg 熊果酸,100 mg/kg 熊果酸,150 mg/kg 熊果酸灌胃。熊果酸对照组生理盐水剂量同空白组,熊果酸低、中、高剂量组酒精剂量同模型组。灌胃共 持续8 周。磷钼酸法检测血清磷(P)含量,比色法检测血清钙(Ca)含量,酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测血清骨钙素(BGP)、骨形成蛋 白-2(BMP-2)浓度;HE 染色法观察股骨结构的病理学变化。结果：与空白对照组相比较,模型组血清BGP、BMP-2 和Ca、P 均明显 降低,且有统计学差异(P < 0.05),但熊果酸对照与空白对照组各项指标结果相近。熊果酸中、高剂量组大鼠血清BGP、Ca 和P 水 平均较模型组有显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但仅熊果酸高剂量组血清BMP-2 显著升高(P < 0.05)。股骨组织HE 染色结果显示,空白对照组骨小梁致密、规则且较粗,粗细均匀;模型组骨小梁稀松、不规则、粗细不均匀,甚至可见骨小梁断裂; 熊果酸中、高剂量组骨小梁致密、规则、较厚、粗细均匀,未见骨小梁断裂。结论：熊果酸能够促进酒精性骨质疏松大鼠的骨形成, 抑制骨矿物质的流失,在改善酒精致骨质疏松方面有一定的保护作用。     

渤海海域渤东凹陷沙河街组四段古生物组合的发现及其意义

渤海海域渤东凹陷沙河街组四段内发现了丰富的孢粉、藻类和轮藻类化石组合,孢粉组合与渤海湾沿岸地区沙河街组四段的E phedri pites-Ulmoidei pites tricostatus-Pterisis porites组合特征一致,沟鞭藻类见有Luxadinium elongatum,Cangaianella e...     

高于庄古生物学

距今14～16亿年的华北地区高于庄组黑色层状、结核状和透镜状燧石与叠层石的黑色硅质部分中保存着极丰富的原核和真核生物微化石.宏观藻类在该组的页岩中亦已发现.本组为评估中元古代生命状况、古环境和前显生宙生物地层提供了重要的生物信息.迄今为止在高于庄组地层中已有百余个化石种被人们认识.根据古植物和古环境的特征这些生物种类可分为三个不同的组合,即:1.颤藻和色球藻组合,出现在高于庄组一段,代表浅水藻席建造者和居住者与一些可能的外来浮游生物的种类;2.念珠藻组合,仅发生在该组的二段,还含一些底栖藻席建造者或居住者的种类;3.第四段的色球藻组合,它代表了潮间带至亚潮带的藻席建造者和外来的种类.元古代燧石中的微化石,尤其是蓝藻化石,尽管在元古代它们就已不断趋向于多样化,但由于它们形态上的保守性,对环境的指示比对地质时代的指示更有价值.高于庄组微化石的特点和大多数链状念珠藻垂直层理保存的事实表明:1.高于庄组微化石的个体大小随时间趋向于增大;2.高于庄组的沉积可能是处于一个淡水环境,且沉积率可能等于或少于微生物的生长率;3. 高于庄组织沉积模式可能是从潮间带至亚潮带或深海,然后再至潮间带或潮上带;4.当高于庄组沉积时真核生物亦已出现.     

共生有生殖器官的Anomozamites的新发现

海房沟异羽叶的新联合(Anomozamites haifanggouensis (Kimura et al.) comb. nov.)是辽西和内蒙古东部中侏罗统海房沟组一种特有的本内苏铁类植物.仅发现一块标本(正、反面印痕).标本上保存3枚营养羽叶,它们同几个苞片状的小叶和一些小孢子叶联合在一起,但球果的雌蕊群部分未被保存.标本被收集于内蒙古东部的宁城县山头乡道虎村附近,产于中侏罗统海房沟组.以往在辽西葫芦岛市的南票和白马石乡上三角城等地的同一层位中也曾发现过很多分散保存的苞片状小叶和相似的小孢子叶.它们最初被潘广(1983)认为是一种双子叶的半被子植物(Cycadicotis),并将小孢子叶视为"具皱纹的雌性种囊".后来,又经Kimura等(1994)详细研究,因未找到任何与被子植物有关的证据,将它们归入一个分类位置不明的形态属Pankuangia,并被描述在P. haifanggouensis种名之下.研究结果表明,本文中被研究的标本是同本内苏铁类的Anomozamites异羽叶相连,从而为这些分散保存的生殖器官的确切分类位置的确定提供了有力的证据.     

广东南雄盆地上湖组介形类动物群及白垩-第三系界线

南雄盆地上湖组介形类可划分为2个性质不同的动物群及4个化石带:下部为 Porpocypris 动物群,是以中生代属种为主,中、新生代属种混生的过渡性动物群,时代为晚白垩世最晚期;上部为 Cypris 动物群,以 Cypris 属占优势, Sinocypris 属开始出现, Cypridea 等古老属种绝灭为主要特征,时代为早—中古新世.根据介形类演化发展阶段和白垩纪末生物绝灭事件,南雄盆地白垩系与第三系的界线应划在 Porpocypris 与 Cypris 动物群之间,即上湖组坪岭段与下惠段之间.     

The Process-inducing Activity of Transmembrane Agrin Requires Follistatin-like Domains

Clustering or overexpression of the transmembrane form of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan agrin in neurons results in the formation of numerous highly motile filopodia-like processes extending from axons and dendrites. Here we show that similar processes can be induced by overexpression of transmembrane-agrin in several non-neuronal cell lines. Mapping of the process-inducing activity in neurons and non-neuronal cells demonstrates that the cytoplasmic part of transmembrane agrin is dispensable and that the extracellular region is necessary for process formation. Site-directed mutagenesis reveals an essential role for the loop between β-sheets 3 and 4 within the Kazal subdomain of the seventh follistatin-like domain of TM-agrin. An aspartic acid residue within this loop is critical for process formation. The seventh follistatin-like domain could be functionally replaced by the first and sixth but not by the eighth follistatin-like domain, demonstrating a functional redundancy among some follistatin-like domains of agrin. Moreover, a critical distance of the seventh follistatin-like domain to the plasma membrane appears to be required for process formation. These results demonstrate that different regions within the agrin protein are responsible for synapse formation at the neuromuscular junction and for process formation in central nervous system neurons and suggest a role for agrin''s follistatin-like domains in the developing central nervous system.