蜜环菌侵染天麻皮层过程中酸性磷酸酶的细胞化学研究

被蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)侵染的天麻(Gastrodia elata B1.)皮层中,由外至内形成三种类型的染菌细胞:菌丝结细胞、空腔细胞和消化细胞。外部两类细胞中的酸性磷酸酶定位显示,一些位于空腔细胞或衰老的菌丝结细胞中的菌丝内部逐渐产生大量酸性磷酸酶,随后菌丝发生自溶。这两类细胞中未发现明显的释放水解酶消化菌丝的现象。当菌丝进入消化细胞以后,情况与此不同,大量包含酸性磷酸酶的微小颗粒出现在菌丝周围,随后这些酶颗粒相互融合,形成包围菌丝的消化泡,菌丝被溶酶体水解酶所消化。最后消化泡变为包含代谢废物的残体。     

大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌生物种的研究

从大兴安岭和长白山采集到30号蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)标本,选其中有代表性的10个号的担子果获得单孢株。交配试验表明每一担子果都具有双因子异宗配合系。不同子实体交配型之间交配结果表明,在大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌目前至少存在5个生物种,分别称为生物种A、B、C、D和E。将这5个生物种的单孢菌种与欧洲5个蜜环菌生物种的单孢菌株进行配合,生物种B与欧洲A.gallica,生物种E与欧洲A.ostoyae亲和交配,因此将生物种B和E分别定为A.gallica和A.ostoyae。生物种A、C和D则不与任何欧洲生物种交配。     

Armillaria jezoensis,a new symbiont ofGaleola septentrionalis (Orchidaceae) in Hokkaido

NineArmillaria isolates obtained from the roots ofGaleola septentrionalis in Hokkaido were identified asA. jezoensis by means of mating tests. Cultures of these isolates were similar in colony morphology, mycelial growth and rhizomorph formation on each of malt extract-dextrose agar (MDA), potato-dextrose agar (PDA), andG. septentrionalis root extractdextrose agar (GDA) media, showing better mycelial growth and rhizomorph formation on GDA medium.     

天麻吸收蜜环菌营养机制的细胞学研究

天麻(Gastrodia elata BI.)地下块茎皮层内具三种染菌细胞:通道细胞、寄主细胞和消化细胞。超微结构的研究表明,通道细胞被真菌所破坏,寄主细胞与真菌保持共生关系,而消化细胞能反寄生于真菌并从真菌摄取营养。消化细胞首先释放溶酶体小泡消化真菌,然后通过内吞管和内吞泡吸收菌丝细胞质降解后渗漏的可溶性有机大分子物质,后期通过消化泡进一步吞噬和消化不溶性菌丝细胞壁物质。     

天麻球茎不同部位的细胞对蜜环菌侵染的反应

用电镜技术比较研究了天麻球茎皮层细胞和中柱细胞对蜜环菌侵染的反应,皮层细胞在蜜环菌菌丝的刺渺下能产生囊状结构,然后这些小囊将入侵的菌丝包围和消化,而中柱细胞则不能,上述两种细胞在功能上的主要差别就在于此。     

供给天麻种子萌发营养的真菌——紫萁小菇

从天麻种子发芽的原球茎中,共分离到12种可供给天麻种子萌发营养的真菌,其中最优良的01号菌株,诱导培养出子实体,经鉴定为紫萁小菇(Mycena osmundicola Lange),属国内新纪录。用01号菌株及紫萁小菇培养的染菌树叶,伴播天麻种子都可发芽,经酯酶同工酶凝胶电泳分析,二者酶带条数、迁移率(RF值)基本相同,证明鉴定结果可靠(标本保存在医科院药植所真菌研究室)。     

西藏高原黄蘑菇的保鲜研究

为了延长黄蘑菇的保鲜期,利用酸性电解水（acidic electrolyzed water,AEW）、短波紫外线（short-wave ultraviolet,UVC）和臭氧（O₃）对采后黄蘑菇进行单一和复合保鲜处理,观察黄蘑菇经保鲜袋包装和低温储藏后外观品质的变化,并检测其褐变度、硬度、失重率以及多酚氧化酶（polyphenoloxidase,PPO）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）活性等指标数据。结果表明,UVC和O3处理均能够有效延长黄蘑菇的保鲜期,4 ℃冷藏可使黄蘑菇的保鲜期从10 d延长至42 d;而AEW并不适合用于含水量较少的高原黄蘑菇的保鲜,外来水分的带入反而会加速黄蘑菇的腐烂。研究结果对于黄蘑菇保鲜具有理论指导意义。     

Biotransformation optimization of betulin into betulinic acid production catalysed by cultured Armillaria luteo‐virens Sacc ZJUQH100‐6 cells

Aims: Betulinic acid has attracted attention in terms of its important biological and pharmacological characteristics. The main objective of this work was to optimize the variables of biotransformation process in order to enhance betulinic acid production from betulin catalysed by fungus Armillaria luteo‐virens Sacc ZJUQH100‐6. Methods and Results: Fractional factorial design and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the main parameters that affect betulinic acid production in the growing‐cells system. Results indicated that the addition of Tween 80 and substrate concentration were identified as the significant factors on betulinic acid formation, and the central composite experimental design was then adopted to derive a statistical model for optimizing biotransformation conditions. The optimum conditions were observed at pH 6·0, 0·57% Tween 80, 15 mg l^?1 betulin and at 3 days of stage of inoculation. Conclusions: Under the optimized conditions, the highest productivity of betulinic acid predicted was 9·32%, which increased by 74·53% in comparison with that of the nonoptimized. The verified experiment revealed that the model can well simulate betulin biotransformation. Moreover, the bioconversion of betulin and betulin‐28‐monooxygenase activities was compared between the optimized and the nonoptimized conditions. Significance and Impact of the Study: Current data imply that betulinic acid production from betulin can be effectively enhanced through biotransformation optimization strategy.     

Antioxidant property and production of exopolysaccharide from Armillaria mellea in submerged cultures: Effect of culture aeration rate

Effects of culture aeration rate on production and antioxidant property of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Armillaria mellea were investigated in a 5‐L stirred‐tank bioreactor where an optimal biomass aeration rate of 1.2 vvm with 0.22 g/g cell yield and 0.6 vvm EPS formation rate with 7.66 mg/g product yield were achieved. A two‐stage aeration process to maximize the biomass and EPS productions proceeded with a 1.55‐fold enhancement (from 4.28 to 6.65 g/L) in biomass formation and a 2.68‐fold enhancement (from 86.9 to 233.2 mg/L) in the EPS production, as compared with those from the aeration rate of 0.3 vvm. The molecular weights of EPS in cultures of different aeration rates are closely correlated with their protein/polysaccharide ratios (R²=0.830) and EC₅₀ (EC₅₀, the effective concentration where the antioxidant property is 50%) values in antioxidant activity (R²=0.960), reducing power (R²=0.894) and chelating ability (R²=0.954). EPS from the two‐stage aeration rate culture shows a strong antioxidant property by the conjugated diene method, reducing power and chelating ability on ions. Therefore, we present results to regulate and to optimize A. mellea cultures to efficiently produce biomass and EPS. The fermented EPS has the potential to be used as for antioxidant‐related functional foods and pharmaceutical industries.