Constituents of Aristolochia cinnabarina

Nine compounds, aristolochic acid (1), aristolochic acid- Ⅱ (2), aristolochic acid- Ⅲ a (3), aristoloside (4), aristolactam-N-β-D-glucoside (5), aristolactam-β-D-glucoside (6), tuberosinone (7), tuberosinone N-β-D-glucoside (8) and 6-O-p-coumaroyl-D-glucopyranose (9), were isolated from methanol extracts of fresh roots of Aristolochia cinnabarina. Among them, compound 9 was reported in Aristolochiaceae for the first time.     

Studies on the Constituents of Aristolochia versicolar S. M. Hwang

Twenty-four constituents were isolated from the root of Aristolochia versicolar S. M. Hwang (collected from Guangxi province, China). Ten of them (two novel sesquiterpene lacrones and eight known compounds) were reported recently. This paper deals with the other eight compounds. From the petroleum ether extraction a sesquiterpene lactone, C15H20O2, mp. 94–95℃ [α]D36 –49˚ (C=1.8, EtOH), confirmed to be isoaristolactone, was obtained from plants for the first time. On the basis of spectral analysis (UV, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, MS) and chemical reactions its structure was determined as B2. From the petroleum enter unsoluble sec- tion 6-methoxyaristolic acid methyl ester (D1), aristolic acid (D3), 6-methoxyaristolic acid (ari- stolinic acid) (D4f), 6-methoxyaristolochic acid methyl ester (D4y), aristolochic acid A(D5), β-sitosterol-D-glucoside (D10) and allantoin (C2) were isolated and identified. Dx, Ds, and Ds show ed antifertility activity in mice.     

Studies on the Constituents of Aristolochia mollissima Hance

Ten constituents have been isolated from the ethanolie extract of the stems and leaves of Aristolochia mollissima Hanee. Based on speetrai analysis and the determination of physieo-ehemieal constants they have been identified as: (A1) aristoloehie acid A, (A2) vanillie acid, (A3) aristoloehie acid D, (B1) pahnitone, (B2) n-triacontanol, (B3) β-sitosterol, (B1) aristololaetam, (B11)6-methoxy aristololaetam, (B7) β- sitosterol D-glueoside, (B8) stearic acid. A1 and B1 have been found to have an inhibition action of implantation in mice.     

云南马兜铃属的修订

本文报道了云南马兜铃属一新种和二个新纪录种,并归并了三个种。     

广西马兜铃属资料

<正> 凹脉马兜铃 穿石藤(桂西南) 图 Aristolochia impressinervia C. F. Liang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 15. 1975.     

Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of mountain pine beetle population growth

1 Mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae populations have large, economically significant outbreaks. Density dependence and environmental variability are expected to have important effects on their dynamics. We analysed time series data from an outbreak in the 1930s to determine the relative importance of population density and environmental variability on local population growth rates.
2 Resource depletion occurred rapidly at the scale of 0.4 ha and population growth rates were strongly density dependent. Annual environmental changes did not have detectable effects on population growth rates, leading to the conclusion that intrinsic processes influenced local population density more than extrinsic factors during this outbreak.
3 Our calculated value of r _max (1.16) does not suggest intrinsically cyclic population dynamics. Our estimate of r _max and density dependence will be useful in developing applied models of mountain pine beetle outbreaks, and the subsequent evaluation of management strategies.     

中国马兜铃属植物的细胞分类学初步研究

本文报道了中国马兜铃属１２种植物的染色体数目和核型分析,发现并确定了ｘ＝８为本属染色体基数之一。本属染色体的共同特征是：小型;以中部（ｍ）,近中部（ｓｍ）着丝点染色体为主;核型类型为１Ａ,２Ａ,３Ａ,１Ｂ,２Ｂ;随体一般处在染色体的长臂上。     

Comparative population structure and genetic diversity of Arceuthobium americanum (Viscaceae) and its Pinus host species: insight into host-parasite evolution in parasitic angiosperms

In a recent study we revealed that the parasitic angiosperm Arceuthobium americanum is comprised of three distinct genetic races, each associated with a different host in regions of allopatry. In order to assess the role of host identity and geographical isolation on race formation in A. americanum, we compared the genetic population structure of this parasite with that of its three principal hosts, Pinus banksiana, Pinus contorta var. latifolia and Pinus contorta var. murrayana. Despite the fact that A. americanum was divided into three genetic races, hosts were divided into only two genetic groups: (i) Pinus banksiana and hybrids, and (ii) P. contorta var. latifolia and var. murrayana. These findings suggest that factors such as geographical isolation and adaptation to different environmental conditions are important for race formation in the absence of host-driven selection pressures. To assess factors impacting population structure at the fine-scale, genetic and geographical distance matrices of host and parasite were compared within A. americanum races. The lack of a relationship between genetic and geographical distance matrices suggests that isolation-by-distance plays a negligible role at this level. The effect of geographical isolation may have been diminished because of the influence of factors such as random seed dispersal by animal vectors or adaptation to nongeographically patterned environmental conditions. Host-parasite interactions might also have impacted the fine-scale structure of A. americanum because the parasite and host were found to have similar patterns of gene flow.     

具腺松蒿—中国云南新记录种

产云南中部高原,蒿明(Songming),龙潭营(Longtan Ying),生于海拔2300m的丛林中,张英伯(ZhangYing—bai)0004号,1940年10月9日,花黄色,偶见。为珍稀濒危植物,现已很难采到。印度也有。中国（云南）首次记录。松蒿属植物目前在中国现已增加到3种;东至日本,西至印度（越南不产）为中国-喜马拉雅分布型。     

Are gardens effective in butterfly conservation? A case study with the pipevine swallowtail, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Battus philenor</Emphasis>

Gardens with nectar sources and larval host plants have been proposed to stem the decline in butterfly abundance caused by habitat loss. However, no study has provided evidence that gardens benefit butterflies. We examined the use of natural sites and gardens in the San Francisco bay area by the butterfly, Battus philenor. We found that natural sites were more likely to attract adult B. philenor, received more oviposition, and had higher juvenile survival than gardens sites. Butterflies were more likely to be present in gardens with established populations of the host plant, Aristolochia californica, growing in the sun. Battus philenor are unlikely to visit gardens with host plants planted within the past 7 years. Gardens between the ages of 8–40 years received oviposition, but did not always support completion of larval development of B. philenor. In gardens with host plants over 40 years of age, B. philenor consistently survived from egg to the adult stage. Natural enemy induced mortality of eggs did not differ between garden and natural sites, but overall egg survival was lower in gardens than at natural sites. It is unlikely that gardens serve as 'refugia' for B. philenor in years when populations in natural sites experience low survival or low fecundity. Even in gardens capable of supporting larvae to maturity, the density of eggs and survival rates were lower than in natural populations of the host plant suggesting that gardens were not optimal habitats. Therefore, without evidence that juvenile abundance and survival rates in gardens matches or exceeds that in natural sites, it is most likely that gardens act as population sinks for B. philenor.