灯盏花素粉针剂在不同pH值溶媒中的稳定性观察

目的观察灯盏花素粉针剂在不同pH值溶液中的稳定性。方法在室温(20℃)下,将5%、10%葡萄糖注射液及0.9%氯化钠注射液的pH值调整为3.3、3.6、3.9、4.2后,再分别加入灯盏花素粉针剂,并采用紫外分光光度法在6 h内的不同时间取样测定其含量。结果灯盏花素粉针剂在溶液pH值为3.3时,含量下降很快;pH值为3.6、3.9时,含量下降变缓;pH值为4.2时,含量趋于稳定,无明显变化。结论影响灯盏花素粉针剂稳定性的主要因素是稀释溶媒的pH值。当pH值在3.3~3.6时,灯盏花素易产生浑浊沉淀现象,故建议临床不用葡萄糖注射液作灯盏花素粉针剂的稀释溶媒为好。     

Protecting wildlife from predation by owned domestic cats: Application of a precautionary approach to the acceptability of proposed cat regulations

Abstract While it is undeniable that owned domestic cats Felis catus (Mammalia: Felidae) kill large numbers of wildlife, it is contentious if this has significant impacts on wildlife populations. Under the precautionary principle such uncertainty does not preclude measures to reduce putative risk, but action should follow consultation with stakeholders. To initiate such consultation for the City of Armadale, Western Australia, we surveyed urban and rural residents to determine their opinions regarding putative impacts of owned cats on wildlife and the acceptability of proposed regulations. Key statements accepted by 70% or more of respondents, irrespective of their residence, gender or cat ownership status, included: (i) there is a need to regulate owned domestic cats; (ii) the presence of cats in nature reserves is harmful to wildlife; (iii) cats not owned by licensed breeders should be desexed; and (iv) local councils should be empowered to restrict the maximum number of cats per household. Seventy per cent or more of owners agreed to keep their cats on their property from sunset to sunrise and to register them if these measures became compulsory. All groups except urban men also indicated 70% or greater willingness to keep their cats on their property constantly if required. However, fewer than 40% of owners supported empowering local councils to enforce cat‐free zones. In this community, cat regulation excluding cat‐free zones should enjoy support. Similar approaches should be effective wherever the environmental impacts of owned domestic cats are debated, because compliance with such regulations should be high.     

木原均,.洛夫与小麦族(禾本科)的现代遗传学属的概念(英文)

分类学是认识生物体的一种工具,对生物体间系统关系的理解,种质资源利用的指南,也是一种交流用的普通语言。因此,分类处理需要反映这些关系的近期认识。在自然界,生物体只有两个绝对的单位:个体与种。一个种是一群个体被不可缺少的生殖关系相互联系成为的一个绝对单位。生殖隔离是种与种间的基本界限,同时也是生物演化过程中形成独立基因库(gene pools)的惟一因素。既然在种以上的分类群没有绝对界线,在种以上的任一分类处理都不可能避免人为性。虽然如此,仍然必须作出某些分类适应它们的描述、利用与(或)研究。这篇文章对小麦族分类群间生物系统关系的划分是基于遗传学的研究。我们分类处理的原则是:(1)反映这些种系统演化现今的理解;(2)便于种质资源的利用;(3)避免与传统处理有不必要的剧烈改变。     

Joint modeling of survival and longitudinal data: likelihood approach revisited

The maximum likelihood approach to jointly model the survival time and its longitudinal covariates has been successful to model both processes in longitudinal studies. Random effects in the longitudinal process are often used to model the survival times through a proportional hazards model, and this invokes an EM algorithm to search for the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs). Several intriguing issues are examined here, including the robustness of the MLEs against departure from the normal random effects assumption, and difficulties with the profile likelihood approach to provide reliable estimates for the standard error of the MLEs. We provide insights into the robustness property and suggest to overcome the difficulty of reliable estimates for the standard errors by using bootstrap procedures. Numerical studies and data analysis illustrate our points.     

Conservation, precaution, and Caribbean reefs

Some authors argue that overfishing is an important reason that reef corals have declined in recent decades. Their reasoning is that overfishing removes herbivores, releasing macroalgae to overgrow and kill the corals. The evidence suggests, however, that global climate change and emergent marine diseases make a far greater contribution to coral mortality, and that macroalgae generally grow on the exposed skeletal surfaces of corals that are already dead. Macroalgal dominance, therefore, is an effect rather than a cause of coral mortality. Marine protected areas (MPAs), which are usually established to protect stocks of reef fish, foster populations of herbivorous fish under at least some circumstances. Increased herbivory can reduce algal cover, potentially accelerating the recovery of coral populations inside MPAs; however, establishing MPAs will have only a limited impact on coral recovery unless policymakers confront the accelerating negative effects of the global-scale sources of coral mortality.     

A two-stage stepwise estimation procedure

Summary .   This article proposes a two-stage simultaneous confidence procedure for the comparisons of k pairs of population means, without using multiplicity adjustment of more than two populations. The proposed procedure can be broadly applied to parametric or nonparametric models. It is robust and versatile because its derivation only utilizes a partitioning approach in conjunction with a bivariate adjustment, without any assumption on the underlying distribution. To elucidate the application, the proposed procedure is intertwined with the estimation of the therapeutic window of a drug. It provides confidence limits for the efficacy and the toxicity of the effective doses, highest ineffective dose, safe doses, and lowest unsafe dose, simultaneously. Such estimation information facilitates follow-up studies in clinical trials. As an illustrative example, the new procedure is applied to analyze a data set on molecular cancer therapeutics regarding the apoptotic killing effects of different chemical compounds on two leukemia cell lines.     

Cost and complexity: selection for speech and language

The handicap principle has been applied to a number of different traits in the last three decades, but it is difficult to characterize its record, or even its perceived relevance, when it comes to an important human attribute—spoken language. In some cases, assumptions regarding the energetic cost of speech, and the veracity of linguistically encoded messages, have failed to recognize critical aspects of human development, cognition, and social ecology. In other cases, the fact that speech contains honest (physiological) information, and tends to be used honestly with family and friends, has been overlooked. Speech and language are functionally related but they involve different resources. Individuals can increase the attractiveness of their speech, and of more stylized vocal and verbal performances, without enhancing linguistic structure or content; and they can modify their use of language without significant changes in the physical form of speech. That its production costs are normally low enables speech to be produced extravagantly in bids for status and mating relationships, and in evolution, may have allowed its content—linguistic knowledge and structure—to become complex.     

GLP原则在体外毒理学评价实验室的应用

在动物福利运动的推动下,以减少、优化和替代动物试验为核心内容的体外试验系统已成为安全评价不可或缺的组成部分,在药品、化学品、化妆品毒理学评价中起到重要作用。体外试验系统不同于体内动物实验,体外毒理学实验室GLP原则的建立和运行应充分考虑体外试验系统的特殊性。目前我国专业的体外安全评价实验室的建设刚刚起步,还没有可供借鉴的成熟经验。本文从实验室组织、试验系统维护、人员职责、质量管理和运行几个方面,介绍了GLP原则在化妆品体外毒理学检验和评价实验室的应用。     

炎症性肠病动物模型的研究进展

克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎统称为炎症性肠病（IBD）,病因虽不明确,但对其发病机理已有了较多的了解。该病的发生是由于个体易感性、肠道菌群和粘膜免疫相互作用所致。炎症性肠病动物模型可通过化学性诱导、免疫学、遗传学等方法获得。三硝基苯磺酸与乙醇灌肠致炎法是目前最常用的方法,本文侧重概述介绍三硝基苯磺酸诱导的炎症性肠病的机制、模型、应用及优缺点,为疾病的研究、治疗和新药的开发提供指导。     

不同种源药用菊花、野菊和菊花脑的ISSR分子标记及遗传关系分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对来源于不同地区的19份药用菊花（Dendranthema morifolium Ramat．）种源、4份野菊（D．indwum L．）种源、1份菊花脑（D．nankingese Hand．-Mazz．）种源和1份杂交菊花‘黄金菊’（D．indium×D．morifolium‘Gongju’）种源进行了遗传关系分析。从38条引物中筛选出6条引物,共扩增出66条带,平均多态性条带百分率达95．5％。聚类分析结果表明,取λ=16,25份种源可分成2大组,即野菊、菊花脑和杂交菊花归为一组,19份药用菊花种源归为一组;19份药用菊花种源又可根据原产地进一步分成2组,大部分原产北方的药用菊花种源的遗传关系较近,而大部分南方栽培的药用菊花种源也有相对较近的遗传关系。