内蒙古草地畜牧业可持续发展的生物经济原则研究

草地畜牧业可持续发展的三大生物经济原则为草场不退化原则,最大生物学效率原则和风险,利润权衡原则：（1）草场不退化原则。在冷蒿小禾草退化草原上,暖季期间1．33－2．67羊／hm2的放牧率下可使其发生恢复演替,禾草的比例增大,植物多样性指数和均匀度指数均有所提高,从而达到利用式改良的目的;相反,若继续重牧或过牧,放牧绵羊喜食的植物种类将进一步减少,植物多样性指数也有所降低,最终将趋同于星毛委陵菜退化草原群落,且星毛委陵菜可能是草场沙化荒漠化的最后多年生植物屏障。（2）最大牧草利用效率原则,放牧绵羊的种群生闻,羯头应当年羔育肥出栏,其牧草利用效率不仅提高了4．6倍,且肉用性能可提高2．5倍,同时,应尽量控制羯羊越冬的数量,提高畜群中母羊的处理利润最高（1993年价格）,虽然5．33羊／hm2的公顷增重最大,但风险也大,且利润较低。故在综合考虑以上3个原则的基础上,可以通过提高生物学利用效率,即使降低放牧率也不会太大的影响牧民的利益,同时又减轻了生产风险,保护了生态环境,只有这样,才得以使草地畜牧持续发展。     

基于“OOAO原则”的罗源湾生态质量状况综合评价

由于福建沿海经济的快速发展以及近岸海域开发利用的不断升级,位于福建省东北部的罗源湾面临着越来越大的人为环境压力,包括生境的破坏、港口活动、城镇生活废水、工农业废水排放、人工养殖等.综合评价罗源湾生态质量状况,为研究区受到的人为扰动和污染强度的分级评价提供依据,在对退化的生态系统进行有效修复和管理的相关决策中起着重要的作用.以欧盟水框架指令中近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价体系为参照,结合我国的近岸海域监测项目以及收集到的资料,对该指标体系进行了调整,同时建立了罗源湾专属的生态要素和物理化学要素参考基准值,基于“One-out all-out (OOAO)”原则(即所有要素中的最低等级作为综合评价的等级)对罗源湾的生态质量状况进行了综合评价,并通过与人为环境压力分布的一致性分析,对评价结果的合理性和客观性进行验证.建立的参考基准值中,部分指标的参考基准值与国内外的相关研究或标准有着一定的差异,说明目前我国采用统一的评价标准并不合适.综合评价结果中,罗源湾9个站位中1个站位等级为“良”,其余8个站位及海域平均状况等级都为“中”,存在明显的污染和人为扰动,生态系统出现一定程度的退化.对评价结果的验证表明,除个别站位外,评价等级基本与人为环境压力一致,说明调整后的近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价指标体系、建立的罗源湾专属参考基准值以及基于“OOAO原则”的综合评价方法,能够较客观地评价研究区域的生态质量状况.     

流式细胞术在细菌快速检测中的应用

流式细胞仪(Flow cytometer)是集应用流体学、光学、电子学、生物学、免疫学等多门学科和技术于一体的新型高科技仪器。它的核心技术是流式细胞术(Flow cytometry,FCM),该技术是利用流式细胞仪,使单个细胞或其他微小生物粒子处于快速直线流动状态,且逐个通过光束,从而对单个细胞或微粒进行多参数(数量、大小、核酸含量、细胞活性、特定菌群或物种等)定量分析和分选的检测技术,具有快速、灵敏、精确以及便于操作等突出优点。本文简要介绍流式细胞仪的原理,并论述流式细胞技术在实验室研究、工业生产、临床诊断、环境评估等领域的细菌快速检测应用。     

2001-2015年天山北坡植被覆盖动态变化研究

利用天山北坡2001-2015年植被生长比较旺盛月份（6-9月）的MODIS NDVI产品数据,结合像元二分法进行植被覆盖度提取,并对其空间分布特征、随时间及地形的动态变化和面积加权重心进行分析。研究表明：（1）天山北坡6-9月多年平均植被覆盖度介于0.4-0.5,以低、中低植被覆盖度为主,各等级植被覆盖度大致呈西北-东南向相间分布;（2）2001-2015年间,植被覆盖度有逐渐上升的趋势;植被覆盖改善区域（54.42%）大于退化区域（45.58%）,西部较东部改善更为明显;植被覆盖度变异类型以弱变异和中等变异为主,植被覆盖度变化类型以稳定型为主;（3）天山北坡区域植被覆盖度变化受海拔高度影响明显：随着海拔高度的上升,较低植被覆盖度比例呈现先上升后下降再次上升趋势,较高植被覆盖度则与之相反;海拔3880 m以上低植被覆盖度占绝对优势,较高的植被覆盖度占比逐渐下降直至几乎绝迹;（4）各等级植被覆盖度面积加权重心集中在沙湾县、石河子市、玛纳斯县及呼图壁县;并呈现由集中到相对分散的趋势。     

Stability of a Ricker-type competition model and the competitive exclusion principle

Our main objective is to study a Ricker-type competition model of two species. We give a complete analysis of stability and bifurcation and determine the centre manifolds, as well as stable and unstable manifolds. It is shown that the autonomous Ricker competition model exhibits subcritical bifurcation, bubbles, period-doubling bifurcation, but no Neimark–Sacker bifurcations. We exhibit the region in the parameter space where the competition exclusion principle applies.     

Symptoms,epidemiology and management of finger millet mottle streak disease

Abstract

Initial symptoms of the mottle streak disease on finger millet were observed after only 45 days of sowing. Chlorotic mottling, streaking, striping and yellowing were the common symptoms on leaves and the diseased plants had more nodal branches and unproductive tillers. Among the weather parameters relative humidity and rainfall were positively and wind velocity was negatively correlated with disease incidence and the population of the vector Cicadulina bipunctella. A significant positive correlation existed between the vector population and disease incidence. In the disease management study seed extract of Harpullia cupanioides at 10% was found to reduce the mottle streak incidence by 61.42% with maximum yield of 2.28 t/ha. Acephate 0.01% and neem oil 1% spray were also found to be effective by reducing the disease incidence up to 39.6 and 36.4% with 2.23 and 2.18 t/ha of grain yield respectively. Enhanced activation of defense-related enzymes such as peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were noticed in AVP sprayed plants compared to control.     

Optimal strategy for controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS disease: a case study of South Africa

HIV/AIDS disease continues to spread alarmingly despite the huge amounts of resources invested in fighting it. There is a need to integrate the series of control measures available to ensure a consistent reduction in the incidence of the disease pending the discovery of its cure. We present a deterministic model for controlling the spread of the disease using change in sexual habits and antiretroviral (ARV) therapy as control measures. We formulate a fixed time optimal control problem subject to the model dynamics with the goal of finding the optimal combination of the two control measures that will minimize the cost of the control efforts as well as the incidence of the disease. We estimate the model state initial conditions and parameter values from the demographic and HIV/AIDS data of South Africa. We use Pontryagin's maximum principle to derive the optimality system and solve the system numerically. Compared with the practice in most resource-limited settings where ARV treatment is given only to patients with full-blown AIDS, our simulation results suggest that starting the treatment as soon as the patients progress to the pre-AIDS stage of the disease coupled with appreciable change in the susceptible individuals’ sexual habits reduces both the incidence and prevalence of the disease faster. In fact, the results predict that the implementation of the proposed strategy would drive new cases of the disease towards eradication in 10 years.     

Scale-Free Biology: Integrating Evolutionary and Developmental Thinking

When the history of life on earth is viewed as a history of cell division, all of life becomes a single cell lineage. The growth and differentiation of this lineage in reciprocal interaction with its environment can be viewed as a developmental process; hence the evolution of life on earth can also be seen as the development of life on earth. Here, in reviewing this field, some potentially fruitful research directions suggested by this change in perspective are highlighted. Variation and selection become, for example, bidirectional information flows between scales, while the notions of “cooperation” and “competition” become scale relative. The language of communication, inference, and information processing becomes more useful than the language of causation to describe the interactions of both homogeneous and heterogeneous living systems at any scale. Emerging scale-free theoretical frameworks such as predictive coding and active inference provide conceptual tools for reconceptualizing biology as the study of a unified, multiscale dynamical system.