内蒙古卷叶蛛科蜘蛛及1新种记述（蛛形纲：蜘蛛目）

记述内蒙古卷叶蛛科Dictynidae蜘蛛6种。其中阿拉善婀蛛Argenna alxasp．nov．为1新种;巾阿卷叶蛛Ajmonia capucina（Schenkel,1936）;康古卷叶蛛Archaeodictyna consecuta O．P．Cambridge,1872;芦苇卷叶蛛Dictyna arundinacea（Linnaeus,1758）系本区首次发现。     

Nesticus baeticus sp. n., a new troglobitic spider species from south-west Europe (Araneae, Nesticidae)

We describe a new species of carcinoecium-forming sea anemone, Stylobates birtlesisp. n., from sites 590-964 m deep in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. An anemone of this genus settles on a gastropod shell inhabited by a hermit crab, then covers and extends the shell to produce a chitinous structure termed a carcinoecium. Stylobates birtlesisp. n. is symbiotic with the hermit crab Sympagurus trispinosus (Balss, 1911). The nature of marginal sphincter muscle and nematocyst size and distribution distinguish Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. from other species in the genus. The four known species of Stylobates are allopatric, each inhabiting a separate ocean basin of the Indo-West Pacific. We also extend the known range of Stylobates loisetteae in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Western Australia.     

Phylogeny and historical biogeography of ancient assassin spiders (Araneae: Archaeidae) in the Australian mesic zone: evidence for Miocene speciation within Tertiary refugia

The rainforests, wet sclerophyll forests and temperate heathlands of the Australian mesic zone are home to a diverse and highly endemic biota, including numerous old endemic lineages restricted to refugial, mesic biomes. A growing number of phylogeographic studies have attempted to explain the origins and diversification of the Australian mesic zone biota, in order to test and better understand the mode and tempo of historical speciation within Australia. Assassin spiders (family Archaeidae) are a lineage of iconic araneomorph spiders, characterised by their antiquity, remarkable morphology and relictual biogeography on the southern continents. The Australian assassin spider fauna is characterised by a high diversity of allopatric species, many of which are restricted to individual mountains or montane systems, and all of which are closely tied to mesic and/or refugial habitats in the east and extreme south-west of mainland Australia. We tested the phylogeny and vicariant biogeography of the Australian Archaeidae (genus Austrarchaea Forster & Platnick), using a multi-locus molecular approach. Fragments from six mitochondrial genes (COI, COII, tRNA-K, tRNA-D, ATP8, ATP6) and one nuclear protein-coding gene (Histone H3) were used to infer phylogenetic relationships and to explore the phylogeographic origins of the diverse Australian fauna. Bayesian analyses of the complete molecular dataset, along with differentially-partitioned Bayesian and parsimony analyses of a smaller concatenated dataset, revealed the presence of three major Australian lineages, each with non-overlapping distributions in north-eastern Queensland, mid-eastern Australia and southern Australia, respectively. Divergence date estimation using mitochondrial data and a rate-calibrated relaxed molecular clock revealed that major lineages diverged in the early Tertiary period, prior to the final rifting of Australia from East Antarctica. Subsequent speciation occurred during the Miocene (23-5.3 million years ago), with tropical and subtropical taxa diverging in the early-mid Miocene, prior to southern and temperate taxa in the mid-late Miocene. Area cladograms reconciled with Bayesian chronograms for all known Archaeidae in southern and south-eastern Australia revealed seven potentially vicariant biogeographic barriers in eastern Queensland, New South Wales and southern Australia, each proposed and discussed in relation to other mesic zone taxa. Five of these barriers were inferred as being of early Miocene age, and implicated in the initial vicariant separation of endemic regional clades. Phylogeographic results for Australian Archaeidae are congruent with a model of sequential allopatric speciation in Tertiary refugia, as driven by the contraction and fragmentation of Australia’s mesic biomes during the Miocene. Assassin spiders clearly offer great potential for further testing historical biogeographic processes in temperate and eastern Australia, and are a useful group for better understanding the biology and biogeography of the Australian mesic zone.     

Molecular systematics of sclerosomatid harvestmen (Opiliones, Phalangioidea, Sclerosomatidae): geography is better than taxonomy in predicting phylogeny

Phylogenetic relationships within the Sclerosomatidae, the largest family of harvestmen, are explored using molecular data from four nuclear genes (28S and 18S rRNA, Histone 3 and Elongation factor-1α) and two mitochondrial gene regions (COI-COII, 16S and 12S rRNA). The taxon sample includes representative species from all families in Phalangioidea and all subfamilies of Sclerosomatidae (Gagrellinae, Gyinae, Leiobuninae, Sclerosomatinae). Our results solve several major taxonomic problems, including placement of Gyinae sensu stricto in Phalangiidae, the monophyly of the Metopilio group and its exclusion from Sclerosomatidae, and reaffirmation of the familial rank of Protolophidae. However, most major groups of sclerosomatids (Leiobuninae, Gagrellinae, Leiobunum, Nelima) are recovered as polyphyletic, although with a phylogenetic structure suggesting a strong association between geography and monophyly as well as notable morphological convergence in traditional diagnostic characters. Phylogenetic affinities between biotas of the New World and Asian tropics, as well as between temperate North American and East Asia, suggest that sclerosmatid historical biogeography may conform with the Boreotropic Concept. Finally, we discuss how the many problems that remain in sclerosomatid systematics might be addressed.     

指状拟蝇虎雌蛛的补充描述(蜘蛛目:跳蛛科)

首次描述了指状拟蝇虎 Plexippoides digitatus Peng & Li, 2002 的雌蛛.标本保存于湖北大学生命科学学院,量度单位为mm.     

Spermatozoa and sperm packages of the European troglophylous scorpion Belisarius xambeui Simon, 1879 (Troglotayosicidae, Scorpiones)

Studies on the sperm morphology in scorpions are rare, but the existing investigations already revealed a remarkable interfamiliar diversity. The present study reports for the first time on the spermatozoa and sperm packages of a representative of the family Troglotayosicidae, the troglophylous species Belisarius xambeui. The spermatozoa are characterized by (1) a thread-like nucleus, which is slightly bent anteriorly; (2) an asymmetrical cap-like acrosomal vacuole, which encloses the anterior tip of the nucleus; an acrosomal filament is absent; (3) an axoneme with a 9 + 0 microtubular pattern; (4) a midpiece consisting of elongated mitochondria coiling around the axoneme; the number can vary between 3 and 6 (mostly 4). At the end of spermiogenesis, the spermatozoa aggregate in order to form oval-shaped sperm packages in which all sperm cells show the same orientation. A single package consists of approximately 150 sperms. A secretion sheath is always absent. The present results might provide new characters for further systematic studies and their phylogenetic implications are briefly discussed.     

中国甘肃拟蝇虎属一新种(蜘蛛目:跳蛛科)

记述甘肃跳蛛一新种：指状拟蝇虎Plexippoides digitatus sp.nov.。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所,量度单位为mm。指状拟蝇虎Plexippoides digitatus sp.nov.（图1－4）正模♂,1998年7月14日,陈军采自甘肃康县清河林场,标本编号SP98040。鉴别特征新种与盘触拟蝇虎Plexippoides discifer(Schenkel,1953)相似,但有以下区别：1）新种的插入器起始于12点钟位置（图2）,而后者则起始于5点钟位置;2）生殖球的耳状突长,位于9点钟处（图2）,而后者则起如于12：30处;3）跗舟突出明显细长（图3－4）;4）后侧观（图3）肺节突明显大而短,端部宽、中央凹陷,而后者则为指纹。新种的种名取自胫节突的形状。     

中国巨蟹蛛科两新种(蛛形纲:蜘蛛目)

记述湖南省巨蟹蛛科2新种：壶瓶巨蟹蛛Heteropoda hupingensis sp.nov.和谢氏中盾蛛Sinopoda xieae sp.nov.,模式标本存于湖南师范大学生命科学学院,量度单位为mm,比例尺为1mm。壶瓶巨蟹蛛,新种Heteropoda hupingensis sp.nov.(图1－4）正模♂,湖南省石门县壶瓶山,1992年6月25日－7月5日,彭贤锦采。鉴别特征：新种与白额巨蟹蛛Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus,1775)相似,但有以下区别：1）胫节突不同,新种的胫节突腹面观腹支呈拇指状,背支不易见及,后者腹面观明显可见两分支,背支较长;3）新种的插入器较粗短,沿生殖球中间向端部延伸,后者的插入器较细长,沿生殖球边缘向端部延伸。新种的种名来自模式标本产地。谢氏中盾蛛,新种Sinopoda xieae sp.nov.,正模♀,湖南省石门县壶瓶山,1992年6月25日－7月5日,谢莉萍采。鉴别特征,新种的外雌器腹面观似Sinopoda forcipata(Karsch,1881)但有以下区别;1）交后缘相跨较近,其间的夹角远小于后者的夹角;2）与中隔端部相连的横向裂陷远宽于后者;3）纳精囊远较后者粗大,无明显分支;后者纳精囊较细小,有明显分支。新种的种名来自模式标本采集者的姓氏。     

Biodiversity and origin of the non-flying terrestrial arthropods of Henderson Island

Henderson Island, a raised coral island on the extreme south-easterly edge of the Indo-Pacific plate, is of great importance as one of the few examples of a Pacific island with intact lowland forest. It is also of biogeographic interest as it is practically the final island in a series of island chains, along which the fauna of Polynesia has colonized, reaching back to New Guinea. New collections of the non-flying terrestrial arthropod fauna were made on Henderson Island in 1991. In excess of 100 taxa are now known. There is a rich mite fauna (especially oribatids), with many apparently endemic, some 26 species of spider, and nine species of isopod (including three endemic to Henderson or nearby Ducie Atoll). In addition Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Amphipoda, Pseudoscorpiones, Diplura, Protura and Collembola are represented. The majority of the fauna is derived from the west, as expected, though many taxa appear to be introduced, some of them from the neotropics (e.g. Frigga crocuta and perhaps Hoplophorella stilifer).