Ethanol-induced death in yeast exhibits features of apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial fission pathway

Cell death in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) involves several apoptotic processes. Here, we report the first evidence of the following processes, which are also characteristic of apoptosis, in ethanol-induced cell death in yeast: chromatin condensation and fragmentation, DNA cleavage, and a requirement for de novo protein synthesis. Mitochondrial fission protein, Fis1, appears to mediate ethanol-induced apoptosis and ethanol-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. However, mitochondrial fragmentation in response to elevated ethanol levels was not correlated with cell death. Further, in the presence of ethanol, generation of reactive oxygen species was elevated in mutant fis1Delta cells. Our characterization of ethanol-induced cell death in yeast as being Fis1-mediated apoptosis is likely to pave the way to overcoming limitations in large-scale fermentation processes, such as those employed in the production of alcoholic beverages and ethanol-based biofuels.     

Characterization of the rrn operons in the channel catfish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri

Aims:  To advance diagnostics and phylogenetics of Edwardsiella ictaluri by sequencing and characterizing its rrn operons.
Methods and results:  The Edw. ictaluri rrn operons were identified from a 5–7 kbp insert lambda library and from Edw. ictaluri fosmid clones. We present the complete sequences and analysis of all eight Edw. ictaluri rrn operons and unique regions located upstream and downstream. Two rrn operons were located in tandem with 169 bp separating them, which is apparently a conserved feature between Edw. ictaluri and Edwardsiella tarda. I- Ceu I enzyme digestion of Edw. ictaluri genomic DNA and analysis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis indicated that rrn operon number and chromosomal locations are conserved within the species Edw. ictaluri .
Conclusions:  The rrn operons of Edw. ictaluri have similar structure and flanking regions compared with other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae ; however, the presence of eight copies of the rrn operon makes Edw. ictaluri unique within the family .
Significance and impact of the study:  This research clarifies previous phylogenetic analyses of Edw. ictaluri and provides support for the Edw. ictaluri genome sequencing project. In addition, we identified a unique feature of two rrn operons that shows potential for the development of a diagnostic PCR method.     

Is 2020 the year when primatologists should cancel fieldwork? A reply

The aim of this article is to explore the impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on primate-related conservation work. The withdrawal of primatologists and conservation staff from field research can lead to a number of detrimental effects not just on conservation but also on local communities in low- and middle-income countries. Inequalities in access to health and financial insecurities may be drivers for the illegal wildlife trade and the lack of tourism and research activity may allow poachers to work with greater ease. The paper also looks at how conservation organizations and research bodies should modify their field protocols by developing robust occupational health policies that will not only make field work safer but also support local staff as they are likely to face the greatest threats to their physical health, psychological health, and economic loss from COVID-19. By adopting a One Health approach that considers the complex interactions between human and primate health, researchers will be able to find new ways of working not only to protect primates but understand how they adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Chloro-substituted dipicolinate vanadium complexes: Synthesis, solution, solid-state, and insulin-enhancing properties

Three vanadium complexes of chlorodipicolinic acid (4-chloro-2,6-dipicolinic acid) in oxidation states III, IV, and V were prepared and their properties characterized across the oxidation states. In addition, the series of hydroxylamido, methylhydroxylamido, dimethylhydroxylamido, and diethylhydroxylamido complexes were prepared from the chlorodipicolinato dioxovanadium(V) complex. The vanadium(V) compounds were characterized in solution by ⁵¹V and ¹H NMR and in the solid-state by X-ray diffraction and ⁵¹V NMR. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to evaluate the experimental parameters and further describes the electronic structure of the complex. The small structural changes that do occur in bond lengths and angles and partial charges on different atoms are minor compared to the charge features that are responsible for the majority of the electric field gradient tensor. The EPR parameters of the vanadium(IV) complex were characterized and compared to the corresponding dipicolinate complex. The chemical properties of the chlorodipicolinate compounds are discussed and correlated with their insulin-enhancing activity in streptozoticin (STZ) induced diabetic Wistar rats. The effect of the chloro-substitution on lowering diabetic hyperglycemia was evaluated and differences were found depending on the compounds oxidation state similar as was observed for the vanadium III, IV and V dipicolinate complexes (P. Buglyo, D.C. Crans, E.M. Nagy, R.L. Lindo, L. Yang, J.J. Smee, W. Jin, L.-H. Chi, M.E. Godzala III, G.R. Willsky, Inorg. Chem. 44 (2005) 5416-5427). However, a linear correlation of oxidation states with efficacy was not observed, which suggests that the differences in mode of action are not simply an issue of redox equivalents. Importantly, our results contrast the previous observation with the vanadium-picolinate complexes, where the halogen substituents increased the insulin-enhancing properties of the complex (T. Takino, H. Yasui, A. Yoshitake, Y. Hamajima, R. Matsushita, J. Takada, H. Sakurai, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 6 (2001) 133-142).     

Electrical Interactions via the Extracellular Potential Near Cell Bodies

Ephaptic interactions between a neuron and axons or dendrites passing by its cell body can be, in principle, more significant than ephaptic interactions among axons in a fiber tract. Extracellular action potentials outside axons are small in amplitude and spatially spread out, while they are larger in amplitude and much more spatially confined near cell bodies. We estimated the extracellular potentials associated with an action potential in a cortical pyramidal cell using standard one-dimensional cable theory and volume conductor theory. Their spatial and temporal pattern reveal much about the location and timing of currents in the cell, especially in combination with a known morphology, and simple experiments could resolve questions about spike initiation. From the extracellular potential we compute the ephaptically induced polarization in a nearby passive cable. The magnitude of this induced voltage can be several mV, does not spread electrotonically, and depends only weakly on the passive properties of the cable. We discuss their possible functional relevance.     

Extremely low frequency (ELF) pulsed-gradient magnetic fields inhibit malignant tumour growth at different biological levels

Extremely low frequency (ELF) pulsed-gradient magnetic field (with the maximum intensity of 0.6-2.0 T, gradient of 10-100 T.M(-1), pulse width of 20-200 ms and frequency of 0.16-1.34 Hz treatment of mice can inhibit murine malignant tumour growth, as seen from analyses at different hierarchical levels, from organism, organ, to tissue, and down to cell and macromolecules. Such magnetic fields induce apoptosis of cancer cells, and arrest neoangiogenesis, preventing a supply developing to the tumour. The growth of sarcomas might be amenable to such new method of treatment.     

The Formation of g=2.49-Species of Cytochrome P450 in the Rat Liver by PCB126 Oral Administration: Identification of Heme Axial Ligands by EPR Spectroscopy

Rat livers and microsomes were subjected to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements at 77 K. The EPR spectra of the livers from the control group, carbon tetrachloride-, 3-methylcholanthrene-, and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126)-treated rats exhibited an EPR spectrum at g=2.40, 2.24, and 1.93, which is characteristic of P450 in a resting state. The liver of the PCB126-treated rats showed an additional distinct EPR spectrum at g=2.49, 2.26, and 1.87 (g=2.49-species). The heme environmental structure of g=2.49-species was identified by crystal field analysis using three EPR g-values of the microsome treated with various chemicals. These results indicated that g=2.49-species is a hemeprotein with cysteine thiolate at the 5th coordination site, and a nitrogenous ligand at the 6th site.     

弱磁场对骨骼肌肌质网钙调控作用的研究

目的：探讨弱磁场对提取的骨骼肌肌质网系（SR）Ca（2＋）转运、钙泵（Ca（2＋）-Mg（2＋）-ATPase）及钙释放通道（RyR）活性的影响,从分子水平和细胞信号系统的角度来解释生物电磁效应。方法：利用动态光谱法检测0.4 mT弱磁场辐照过的SR Ca（2＋）转运、Ca（2＋）-ATPase活性,还原型辅酶（NADH）的氧化初速率和超氧（O_2-）产率,以及用同位素标记方法检测[3H]-Ryanodine与RyR的平衡结合度。结果：弱磁场辐照引起SR的Ca（2＋）摄取功能和Ca（2＋）-ATPase的活性明显下降,Ca（2＋）释放和[3H]-Ryanodine平衡结合度上升,同时上调了NADH的氧化初速率和O_2-的产率。结论：提示0.4 mT弱磁场辐照30 min对SR Ca（2＋）-ATPase活性有明显抑制,对RyR有一定的激活效果。     

Comparative study of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field and low level laser therapy on mitogen-activated protein kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) consist of three major signaling members: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and C-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK). We investigated physiological effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMFT) and Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on human body, adopting the expression level of mitogen-activated protein kinases as an indicator via assessment of the activation levels of three major families of MAPKS, ERK, p38 and JNK in the peripheral lymphocytes of patients before and after the therapies. Assessment for the expression levels of MAPKs families' were done, in the peripheral lymphocytes of patients recently have appendectomy, using flow cytometric analysis of multiple signaling pathways, pre and post LLLT and PEMFT application (twice daily for 6 successive days) on the appendectomy wound. There were non-significant differences in the expression levels of MAPKs families' pre- therapies application. But there were significant increase in the ERK expression levels post application of LLLT compared to its pre application (p<0.01). Also, there was significant increase in the ERK, p38 and C-Jun N terminal expression level values post application of PEMFT compared to its pre application expression levels (p<0.01 for each). The present study demonstrates that PEMFT has a powerful healing effect more than LLLT as it increase the activation of ERK, P38 and C-Jun-N Terminal while LLLT only increase the activation of ERK. LLLT has more potent pain decreasing effect than PEMFT as it does not activate P38 pathway like PEMFT.     

Comprehensive DNA copy number profile and BAC library construction of an Indian individual

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are used in genomic variation studies due to their capacity to carry a large insert, their high clonal stability, low rate of chimerism and ease of manipulation. In the present study, an attempt was made to create the first genomic BAC library of an anonymous Indian male (IMBL4) consisting of 100,224 clones covering the human genome more than three times. Restriction mapping of 255 BAC clones by pulse field gel electrophoresis confirmed an average insert size of 120 kb. The library was screened by PCR using SHANK3 (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3) and OLFM3 (olfactomedin 3) specific primers. A selection of clones was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and sequencing. Fine mapping of copy number variable regions by array based comparative genomic hybridization identified 467 CNVRs in the IMBL4 genome. The IMBL4 BAC library represents the first cataloged Indian genome resource for applications in basic and clinical research.