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31.
Hoson T 《Journal of plant research》2002,115(4):277-282
The cell coverings of plants have two important functions in plant life. Plant cell coverings are deeply involved in the regulation
of the life cycle of plants: each stage of the life cycle, such as germination, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, and
senescence, is strongly influenced by the nature of the cell coverings. Also, the apoplast, which consists of the cell coverings,
is the field where plant cells first encounter the outer environment, and so becomes the major site of plant responses to
the environment. In the regulation of each stage of the life cycle and the response to each environmental signal, some specific
constituents of the cell coverings, such as xyloglucans in dicotyledons and 1,3,1,4-β-glucans in Gramineae, act as the key
component. The physiological functions of plant cell coverings are sustained by the metabolic turnover of these components.
The components of the cell coverings are supplied from the symplast, but then they are modified or degraded in the apoplast.
Thus, the metabolism of the cell coverings is regulated through the cross-talk between the symplast and the apoplast. The
understanding of physiological functions of plant cell coverings will be greatly advanced by the use of genomic approaches.
At the same time, we need to introduce nanobiological techniques for clarifying the minute changes in the cell coverings that
occur in a small part within each cell.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
32.
The phytotoxiticky of ozone is due to its high oxidant capacity and to its ability to generate toxic molecular species. It is well known that intracellular peroxidases play an important role in eliminating toxic forms of oxygen but little evidence has been reported on the role of peroxidases in the apoplastic compartment. The detoxification systems located in the foliar extracellular matrix and in the intracellular fluid of sensitive pumpkin plants ( Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Ambassador) exposed to ozone (150 ppb. 5 days. 5 h day-1 ) in a fumigation chamber, were analyzed. The analyses were carried out on both young and mature leaves. Ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) was found in the extracellular matrix of the pumpkin tissues. Its activity increased in both young and mature leaves as a consequence of the treatment, while at intraeellular levels its effect was most prominent in mature leaves. Analysis of the ascorbie-dehydroascorbic acid system revealed an enhancement of the pool content in the extracellular matrix of both kinds of leaves as a consequence of fumigation, while at the intracelluiar level small variations were found. Very little variation was observed in the glutathione pool as a consequence of fumigation. The analysis of a lipid peroxidation marker, malondi-aldehyde. showed the significant effect of ozone on membrane lipids. Following fumigation, the free phenols in the extracellular matrix decreased in both young and mature leaves, while the free and glycoside-bound phenols of the intracellular fluid showed little increase. The results support the hypothesis that ozone stimulates the an-tioxidant systems mainly in the apoplast and that ascorbic peroxidase activity, ascorbic acid levels and cell wall stiffening are the most influenced parameters. 相似文献
33.
Matthew Gilliham Asmini Athman Stephen D. Tyerman Simon J. Conn 《Plant signaling & behavior》2011,6(11):1656-1661
Vacuoles of different leaf cell-types vary in their capacity to store specific mineral elements. In Arabidopsis thaliana potassium (K) accumulates preferentially in epidermal and bundle sheath cells whereas calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are stored at high concentrations only in mesophyll cells. Accumulation of these elements in a particular vacuole can be reciprocal, i.e. as [K]vac increases [Ca]vac decreases. Mesophyll-specific Ca-storage involves CAX1 (a Ca2+/H+ antiporter) and Mg-storage involves MRS2-1/MGT2 and MRS2-5/MGT3 (both Mg2+-transporters), all of which are preferentially expressed in the mesophyll and encode tonoplast-localised proteins. However, what controls leaf-cell [K]vac is less well understood. TPC1 encodes the two-pore Ca2+ channel protein responsible for the tonoplast-localised SV cation conductance, and is highly expressed in cell-types that not preferentially accumulate Ca. Here, we evaluate evidence that TPC1 has a role in maintaining differential K and Ca storage across the leaf, and propose a function for TPC1 in releasing Ca2+ from epidermal and bundle sheath cell vacuoles to maintain low [Ca]vac. Mesophyll-specific Ca storage is essential to maintain apoplastic free Ca concentration at a level that does not perturb a range of physiological parameters including leaf gas exchange, cell wall extensibility and growth. When plants are grown under serpentine conditions (high Mg/Ca ratio), MGT2/MRS2-1 and MGT3/MRS2-5 are required to sequester additional Mg2+ in vacuoles to replace Ca2+ as an osmoticum to maintain growth. An updated model of Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport in leaves is presented as a reference for future interrogation of nutritional flows and elemental storage in plant leaves. 相似文献
34.
Brendan M. O'Leary Arantza Rico Sarah McCraw Helen N. Fones Gail M. Preston 《Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE》2014,(94)
The apoplast is a distinct extracellular compartment in plant tissues that lies outside the plasma membrane and includes the cell wall. The apoplastic compartment of plant leaves is the site of several important biological processes, including cell wall formation, cellular nutrient and water uptake and export, plant-endophyte interactions and defence responses to pathogens. The infiltration-centrifugation method is well established as a robust technique for the analysis of the soluble apoplast composition of various plant species. The fluid obtained by this method is commonly known as apoplast washing fluid (AWF). The following protocol describes an optimized vacuum infiltration and centrifugation method for AWF extraction from Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean) cv. Tendergreen leaves. The limitations of this method and the optimization of the protocol for other plant species are discussed. Recovered AWF can be used in a wide range of downstream experiments that seek to characterize the composition of the apoplast and how it varies in response to plant species and genotype, plant development and environmental conditions, or to determine how microorganisms grow in apoplast fluid and respond to changes in its composition. 相似文献
35.
Digging deeper into the plant cell wall proteome 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Sang-Jik Lee Ramu S. Saravanan Cynthia M.B. Damasceno Hisayo Yamane Byung-Dong Kim Jocelyn K.C. Rose 《Plant Physiology and Biochemistry》2004,42(12):979-988
The proteome of the plant cell wall/apoplast is less well characterized than those of other subcellular compartments. This largely reflects the many technical challenges involved in extracting and identifying extracellular proteins, many of which resist isolation and identification, and in capturing a population that is both comprehensive and relatively uncontaminated with intracellular proteins. However, a range of disruptive techniques, involving tissue homogenization and subsequent sequential extraction and non-disruptive approaches has been developed. These approaches have been complemented more recently by other genome-scale screens, such as secretion traps that reveal the genes encoding proteins with N-terminal signal peptides that are targeted to the secretory pathway, many of which are subsequently localized in the wall. While the size and complexity of the wall proteome is still unresolved, the combination of experimental tools and computational prediction is rapidly expanding the catalog of known wall-localized proteins, suggesting the unexpected extracellular localization of other polypeptides and providing the basis for further exploration of plant wall structure and function. 相似文献
36.
In Vitis vinifera L. berries, the onset of ripening (known as “veraison”) involves loss of turgor (P) in the mesocarp cells. We hypothesized
that P loss was associated with an accumulation of apoplastic solutes in mesocarp tissue prior to veraison. Apoplastic sap
was extracted from the mesocarp by centrifugation at the appropriate gravity to measure the apoplast solute potential (ΨsA) and assay the sap composition. The ΨsA was about −0.2 MPa early in development, decreased about 1.0 MPa by veraison, and continued to decrease during ripening to
almost −4.0 MPa by the end of berry development. Potassium, malate, tartrate, proline, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were
quantified in apoplastic sap. The calculated contribution of these solutes was about 50% of the total ΨsA preveraison, but increased to about 75% as fructose and glucose accumulated during ripening. The contribution of the estimated
matric potential to apoplast water potential decreased during development and was only 1.5% postveraison. We conclude that
high concentrations of solutes accumulated in the mesocarp apoplast prior to veraison, and that P loss was a direct result
of decreased ΨsA. Because ΨsA decreased before veraison, our findings suggest that apoplast solutes play an important role in the events of cellular metabolism
that lead to the onset of ripening. 相似文献
37.
A combination of fluorescein‐isothiocyanate (FITC), coumarin‐benzothiazol (BTC), and chlorotetracycline (CTC) fluorescence was used to simultaneously monitor apoplastic pH, apoplastic free Ca2+ , and plasma membrane‐bound Ca2+ . As early boron deficiency reactions supposedly include alterations of plasma membrane‐bound transport processes besides rapid effects on cell wall physical properties, the corresponding changes were followed in leaves and roots of Vicia faba L. cv. Troy.
Boron deficiency did not alter the apoplastic pH, but it reduced plasma membrane‐bound Ca2+ in roots at 4 h and leaves at 3 days after starting the deficiency treatment. The decrease in plasma membrane‐bound Ca2+ coincided with an increase in apoplastic free Ca2+ and K+ , and occurred before the first visible symptoms were noticed.
It is proposed that less Ca2+ is bound to the plasma membrane due to a reduction of specific Ca2+ ‐binding sites (borate esters with vic ‐diols or polyhydroxy‐carboxylates) before plasma membrane integrity deteriorates. 相似文献
Boron deficiency did not alter the apoplastic pH, but it reduced plasma membrane‐bound Ca
It is proposed that less Ca
38.
The activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GuPOD), ascorbate peroxidase (ASAp), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate/glutathione cycle (AGC) enzymes, together with ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione contents, were determined in apoplastic-fluid and cell-wall fractions of needles of Pinus pinaster Ait. and Pinus radiata D. Don. exposed for up to 6 months to SO2 (0.01 ppm or 0.30 ppm) in fumigation chambers. AGC enzyme activities (monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase) were in all cases undetectable, as was glutathione content. In needles of P. pinaster plants exposed to SO2, ascorbate content and all enzyme activities considered (except AGC enzymes) increased. The increases were most marked in response to the higher SO2 concentration. In needles of P. radiata, similar but less marked responses were observed. These findings suggest a) that enzyme activities and ascorbate contents increase in order to deal with the reactive oxygen intermediates produced during long-term contamination with SO2, and b) that P. pinaster has more effective defences against contamination of this type than P. radiata. 相似文献
39.
In leaf blades of Zea mays L. plasmodesmata between mesophyll cells are aggregated in numerous thickened portions of the walls. The plasmodesmata are unbranched and all are characterized by the presence of electron-dense structures, called sphincters by us, near both ends of the plasmodesmatal canal. The sphincters surround the desmotubule and occlude the cytoplasmic annulus where they occur. Plasmodesmata between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells are aggregated in primary pit-fields and are constricted by a wide suberin lamella on the sheath-cell side of the wall. Each plasmodesma contains a sphincter on the mesophyll-cell side of the wall. The outer tangential and radial walls of the sheath cells exhibit a continuous suberin lamella. However, on the inner tangential wall only the sites of plasmodesmatal aggregates are consistently suberized. Apparently the movement of photosynthetic intermediates between mesophyll and sheath cells is restricted largely or entirely to the plasmodesmata (symplastic pathway) and transpirational water movement to the cell walls (apoplastic pathway).Abbreviation ER
endoplasmic reticulum 相似文献
40.
Summary. The analysis of plasma membranes from maize roots by native gel electrophoresis revealed the existence of Mn-containing 120
kDa and CuZn-containing 70, 40, and 15 kDa superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoform activities. Isoelectric focusing of the plasma
membranes differentiated anionic SOD isoforms with a pI of about 5 and cationic SOD isoforms at pI 8.6. Solubilization of
the plasma membrane proteins further separated the cationic SOD into pI 8.6, 8.2, 8.4, and 7.2 isoforms. Double staining for
both SOD and peroxidase activities showed an overlap of these activities only in the case of the high-molecular-mass (ca.
120 kDa) isoforms. High-temperature treatments demonstrated that the 120 kDa isoform was active even at 100 °C, indicating
that it was a germin-like protein with superoxide-dismutating activity, different from the peroxidase with a similar molecular
mass and the lower-molecular-mass CuZn-containing superoxide dismutases. These results are compared to those obtained from
whole-tissue extract and apoplastic fluid.
Correspondence and reprints: Maize Research Institute, POB 89-Zemun, 11081 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro. 相似文献