Contractile and calcium regulating capacities of myocardia of different sized mammals scale with resting heart rate

The purpose of this study was to determine if selected biochemical parameters representing the contractile and calcium regulating systems of cardiac muscle scaled among mammals having inherently different resting heart rates (RHR). Eight mammalian species with RHR ranging from 51 to 475 beats per minute (bpm) were studied.The oxidative capacity of the myocardium is highly correlated with the RHR. The hypothesis of the present study was that the capacities of the energy utilizing processes of contraction and calcium regulation would also be correlated to the functional demand imposed on the muscle as represented by the RHR.Myosin (M) and myofibrillar (MF) ATPase activities, myosin isoenzyme distribution and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ATPase activity were determined. Animals with RHR above 300 bpm express V₁ myosin while animals with lower RHR express primarily V₃. M and MF ATPase activities correlated with RHR, but the major difference in activities occurred at the threshold RHR of about 300 bpm at which the switch from V₃ to V₁ appears to occur. SR ATPase activity per mg of microsomal protein was for the most part constant among different mammals, but the SR ATPase activity per g of heart tissue was significantly correlated with RHR as slower beating hearts tended to yield less SR protein per unit mass.We conclude that both the contractile and calcium regulating systems are scaled to the functional parameter of RHR among different mammals. The contractile system uses a slow myosin ATPase isoform at low resting heart rates whereas above the postulated threshold RHR of about 300 bpm a switch in gene expression to a fast myosin ATPase isoform occurs. For the calcium regulating system, the heart does not seem to have the choice of altering the quality of the SR ATPase isoform and thus calcium regulating capacity is set by alterations in the quantity of SR per unit of heart mass.     

Introduction of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium into tobacco shoot regenerates

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) shoots associated with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis Kütz. (ATCC 29413) were regenerated in mixed cultures of tobacco callus and the cyanobacterium. The cyanobacteria were localized inside the tissues as well as on the surface of regenerated shoots, formed heterocysts, and were capable of acetylene reduction.     

Reaction center light harvesting B875 complexes from Rhodocyclus gelatinosus: characterization and identification of quinones

Reaction center-B875 pigment-protein complexes were purified from Rhodocyclus gelatinosus. The proteic components consist of 7–8 polypeptides among which some were identified by their apparent molecular weights: the light harvesting B875 polypeptides and of 8 and 6 kDa, reaction center L (23 kDa), M (28 kDa) and H (34 kDa), cytochrome c (43 kDa). Four c-type hemes were found per reaction center. Flash-induced absorbance changes showed the presence of both Q_A and Q_B in the complex. Charge recombination times were determined to be: 1.16±0.2 (n=30) for P⁺Q_AQ_B ^- and 7–10 ms for P⁺Q_A ^- in presence of herbicides. From quinone analysis on one hand and kinetics of charge recombination on the other hand, we proposed that in the reaction center of Rhodocyclus gelatinosus Q_A is menaquinone 8 and Q_B is ubiquinone 8.     

Neural control of the expression of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel involved in the induction of myotonic-like characteristics

Summary 1. Expression of the apamin-sensitive K⁺ channel (SK⁺) in rat skeletal muscle is neurally regulated. The regulatory effect of the nerve over the expression of some muscle ion channels has been attributed to the electrical activity triggered by the nerve and/or to a trophic effect of some molecules transported from the soma to the axonal endings. 2. SK⁺ channels apparently are involved in myotonic dystrophy (MD), therefore understanding the factors that regulate their expression may ultimately have important clinical relevance. 3. To establish if axoplasmic transport is involved in this process, we used two experimental approaches in adult rats: (a) Both sciatic nerves were severed, leaving a short or a long nerve stump attached to the anterior tibialis (AT). (b) Colchicine or vinblastine (VBL), two axonal transport blockers of different potencies, was applied on one leg to the sciatic nerve. To determine whether electrical activity affects the expression of SK⁺ channels, denervated AT were directly stimulated. The corresponding contralateral muscles were used as controls. 4. With these experimental conditions we measured (a) apamin binding to muscle membranes, (b) muscle contractile characteristics, and (c) electromyographic activity. 5. In the short- and long-nerve stump experiments, 5 days after denervation¹²⁵I-apamin binding to AT membranes was 2.0 times higher in the short-stump side. This difference disappeared at longer times. The delayed expression of SK⁺ channels in the muscle left with a longer nerve stump can be attributed to the extra axoplasm contained in the longer stump, which maintains a normally repressive signal for a longer period of time. Ten to 15 days after application of axonal transport blockers we found that the muscle half-relaxation time increased in the drug-treated side and apamin partially reverted the prolonged relaxation. Myotonic-like discharges specifically blockable by apamin were always present in the drug-treated leg.¹²⁵I-Apamin binding, which is undetectable in a microsomal preparation from hind leg control muscles, was increased in the drug-treated preparations. Apamin binding to denervated and stimulated AT muscles was lower than in the contralateral unstimulated muscles [3.3±1.0 vs 6.8±0.8 (n=4) fmol/mg protein]. 6. Our results demonstrate that electrical activity and axoplasmic transport are involved in the control of expression of SK⁺ in rat skeletal muscle. However, the increased expression of this channel induces myotonic-like characteristics that are reversed by apamin. This myotonic activity could be a model for MD.     

Effects of some thermal, chemical and mechanical treatments on lipase activity in Shammi goat milk

The effects of heating (20, 37 or 50 °C), cooling (5 °C), pasteurisation (71 °C for 15 s), boiling (100 °C), agitation (5 or 10 min), pH (acid or alkaline), and addition of chemicals such as silver and lead nitrates, copper sulphate and sodium chloride on lipase activity in Shammi goat milk were studied. There were non-significant differences (P < 0.01) in chemical composition between Shammi goat milk and Arabi cow milk. Lipase activity in Shammi goat milk was non-significantly (P < 0.01) lower than in Arabi cow milk. Lipase activity in milk of Shammi goats and Arabi cows was reduced when the milk was subjected to heating, cooling, pasteurisation, boiling, or when chemicals or acid was added, whereas in agitated and alkaline milk, the lipase activity was increased. The increase following agitation was greater after 10 min than 5 min. It can be concluded that heating, pasteurising, boiling, cooling, addition of certain chemicals and acidity are means by which lipase activity in milk can be reduced.     

Characteristics of lactococci cultures produced in commercial media

Strains ofLactococcus lactis ssplactis andL. lactis sspcremoris were propagated on milk, three commercial highly buffered media (HB media), and four commercial media designed for external pH control (EC media). With milk and HB media, fermentation was allowed to proceed until a pH of 4.9 was reached. With EC media, pH was maintained at 6.0 with 5 N NH₄OH. The cultures were analyzed for chain length, viable population, specific acidifying activity (SAA) and specific proteolytic activity (SPA). The starters were stored at 4° C for 3 days, and analyses for chain length, viable population and SAA were repeated. It was more difficult to standardize medium composition with the rehydrated commercial blends, as their titratable acidities had greater proportional variations than milk. As a rule, chain length was longer in fresh cultures than in the stored starters, andL. lactis sppcremoris cultures had longer chains thanL. lactis ssplactis. All commercial media produced starters with total populations at least as high as that obtained in milk. With the EC media, populations could be five times greater than with milk; increases were less important in HB media. The increase in population in EC and HB media was more marked withL. lactis ssplactis than forL. lactis sspcremoris strains. Storage at 4° C for 3 days did not significantly reduceL. lactis populations, but mortality (up to 70%) was observed withL. lactis sspcremoris. The overall SAA ofL. lactis ssplactis cultures in EC media was 35% lower than milk- or HB media-grown starters, but the greater populations reached in EC media enabled a significant reduction in inoculation rate. Some statistically significant correlations were obtained between SAA and SPA (positive) as well as with chain length (negative), but the coefficients of determination were generally very low. The drop in pH during storage at 4° C was less with HB media than in milk, and was in relation to their buffering capacity.     

Optimization and maintenance of soluble methane monooxygenase activity inMethylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) maximization studies were carried out as part of a larger effort directed towards the development and optimization of an aqueous phase, multistage, membrane bioreactor system for treatment of polluted groundwater. A modified version of the naphthalene oxidation assay was utilized to determine the effects of methane:oxygen ratio, nutrient supply, and supplementary carbon sources on maximizing and maintaining sMMO activity inMethylosinus trichosporium OB3b.Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b attained peak sMMO activity (275–300 nmol of naphthol formed h^–1 mg of protein^–1 at 25°C) in early stationary growth phase when grown in nitrate mineral salts (NMS) medium. With the onset of methane limitation however, sMMO activity rapidly declined. It was possible to define a simplified nitrate mineral salts (NMS) medium, containing nitrate, phosphate and a source of iron and magnesium, which allowed reasonably high growth rates (_max 0.08 h^–1) and growth yields (0.4–0.5 g cells/g CH₄) and near maximal activities of sMMO. In long term batch culture incubations sMMO activity reached a stable plateau at approximately 45–50% of the initial peak level and this was maintained over several weeks. The addition of d-biotin, pyridoxine, and vitamin B₁₂ (cyanocobalamin) increased the activity level of sMMO in actively growing methanotrophs by 25–75%. The addition of these growth factors to the simplified NMS medium was found to increase the plateau sMMO level in long term batch cultures up to 70% of the original peak activity.Abbreviations sMMO soluble methane monooxygenase - pMMO particulate methane monooxygenase - NMS nitrate mineral salts - TCE trichloroethene - NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide     

A comparison of sweating responses during exercise and recovery in terms of sweating rate and body temperature

Based on the hypothesis that the relation between sweating rate and body temperature should be different during exercise and rest after exercise, we compared the sweating response during exercise and recovery at a similar body temperature. Healthy male subjects performed submaximal exercise (Experiment 1) and maximal exercise (Experiment 2) in a room at 27° C and 35% relative humidity. During exercise and recovery of 20 min after exercise, esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature, mean body temperature ( ), chest sweating rate ( ), and the frequency of sweat expulsion (F _SW) were measured. In both experiments, andF _SW were clearly higher during exercise than recovery at a similar body temperature (Tes, ). was similar during exercise and recovery, or a little less during the former, at a similarF _SW. It is concluded that the sweating rate during exercise is greater than that during recovery at the same body temperature, due to greater central sudomotor activity during exercise. The difference between the two values is thought to be related to non-thermal factors and the rate of change in mean skin temperature.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATE KINASE ACTIVITY AND LIGHT-LIMITED GROWTH RATE IN THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Light-limited cultures of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle and Heimdal (3H clone) were grown over a range of growth rates between 0.06 and 1.64 d^?1. Variations in cell volume, cell quotas of carbon, nitrogen, and protein, and maximal activity of the enzyme nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) were measured and examined as a function of growth rate. NDPK from T. pseudonana showed K_m values of 0.24 and 0.68 mM for thymidine 5′-diphosphate and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), respectively, which are similar to those found for NDPK from a variety of organisms, from bacteria to mammals. An apparent activation enthalpy of 3.52 kCal·mol^?1 was determined from Arrhenius plots. No thermodynamic transition points were noted over a temperature range from 10° to 25°C. NDPK activity was significantly correlated with growth rate but not with cell volume, carbon, nitrogen, or protein; for interspecific comparisons, normalization of enzyme activity to cell number may be most meaningful. NDPK activity per cell versus growth rate followed a U-shaped relationship, being relatively constant between 0.5 and 1.0 d^?1 and rising at higher and lower growth rates. Over this range, enzyme activity may be regulated by substrate concentration (ATP or other nucleoside triphosphates) or by adenylate energy charge. At higher growth rates where energy charge and substrate concentrations are probably high, changes in enzyme concentration appear to be required. The reasons for a rise in enzyme activity at low growth rate is unclear. Simultaneous measurement of nucleoside di- and triphosphate levels alongside NDPK measurements may help clarify the relationship, but these preliminary experiments indicate that NDPK is of limited usefulness as an index of in situ growth rate.