黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带土壤水分与植被空间变异

荒漠绿洲过渡带是绿洲生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持绿洲稳定具有重要作用。过渡带土壤湿度和植被之间的相互关系是了解荒漠绿洲过渡带的重要科学问题,从而开始受到重视。研究是在黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带,选择一条1700m×200m的样带（包括3条平行样线）,在对土壤湿度、植被高度、盖度等调查的基础上,应用统计分析和地统计的方法,研究了荒漠绿洲过渡带土壤水分和植被的空间变异性特征。结果表明：在荒漠绿洲过渡带上,0～200cm土层中土壤平均湿度介于1．45％～3．85％,变异系数在27．7％～83．2％;植被盖度介于9％～80％,变异系数为80％。植被盖度、冠幅与0～20、20～40cm两层土壤湿度显著负相关（p〈0．05）,与120～140、140～160cm两层土壤湿度显著正相关（p〈0．01）。土壤水分和植被空间分布在样带上存在明显的空间异质性,表现在小于100m的尺度上随机分布,而在100～3110m的尺度上呈聚集分布格局。     

Recovery of Flavobacterium psychrophilum viable cells using a charcoal-based solid medium

AIMS: Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiological agent of the cold-water disease in salmonids. This micro-organism is somewhat fastidious being difficult to isolate and culture. The aim of this study was to develop a new solid medium which improves the recovery of viable cells from a sample. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six different media [nutrient agar (NA), NA + charcoal (NAC), enriched Anacker Ordal serum (EAOS), EAOS supplemented with aromatic compounds (EAOSa), EAOS with activated charcoal (EAOC) and EAOC supplemented with aromatic compounds (EAOCa)], three of them containing activated charcoal, were used to recover isolated colonies from a diluted sample of Fl. psychrophilum THC02-90. Pair wise comparisons between different media were carried out using the test of bootstrap to determine the best solid medium and if the presence of activated charcoal increased the number of colonies. The results showed that activated charcoal improved the recovery of viable cells in all the cases and NAC was slightly better than EAOCa but more variable. CONCLUSIONS: Activated charcoal has a great capacity of absorption of toxic compounds and it has no nutritional value, so the problems to culture and isolate Fl. psychrophilum are in part due to an inhibition phenomenon. The use of EAOCa can overcome some of these problems. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The improvement in Fl. psychrophilum cultivation will facilitate physiological, biochemical and genetic studies with this bacterium.     

A rice dihydrosphingosine C4 hydroxylase (DSH1) gene, which is abundantly expressed in the stigmas, vascular cells and apical meristem, may be involved in fertility

Dihydrosphingosine C4 hydroxylase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of phytosphingosine, a major constituent of sphingolipids in plants and yeasts. The rice genome contains five homologue genes for dihydrosphingosine C4 hydroxylase, DSH1-DSH5, whose gene products show high degrees of homology to the yeast counterpart, SUR2. Among them, expression of DSH1, DSH2 and DSH4 was detected, and DSH1 and DSH4 complement the yeast sur2 mutation. The DSH1 gene was specifically and abundantly expressed in vascular bundles and apical meristems. In particular, very strong expression was detected in the stigmas of flowers. Repression of DSH1 expression by the antisense gene or RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in a severe reduction of fertility. In the transformants in which DSH1 expression was suppressed, significantly increased expression of DSH2 was found in leaves but not in pistils, suggesting that there was tissue-specific correlation between DSH1 and DSH2 expression. Our results indicate that the product of DSH1 may be involved in plant viability or reproductive processes, and that the phenotype of sterility is apparently caused by loss of function of DSH1 in the stigma. It is also suggested that there is a complex mechanism controlling the tissue-specific expression of the DSH1 gene.     

Stereology meets electron tomography: towards quantitative 3D electron microscopy

Stereological tools are the gold standard for accurate (i.e., unbiased) and precise quantification of any microscopic sample. The past decades have provided a broad spectrum of tools to estimate a variety of parameters such as volumes, surfaces, lengths, and numbers. Some of them require pairs of parallel sections that can be produced by either physical or optical sectioning, with optical sectioning being much more efficient when applicable. Unfortunately, transmission electron microscopy could not fully profit from these riches, mainly because of the large depth of field. Hence, optical sectioning was a long-time desire for electron microscopists. This desire was fulfilled with the development of electron tomography that yield stacks of slices from electron microscopic sections. Now, parallel optical slices of a previously unimagined small thickness (2-5 nm axial resolution) can be produced. These optical slices minimize problems related to overprojection effects, and allow for direct stereological analysis, e.g., volume estimation with the Cavalieri principle and number estimation with the optical disector method. Here, we demonstrate that the symbiosis of stereology and electron tomography is an easy and efficient way for quantitative analysis at the electron microscopic level. We call this approach quantitative 3D electron microscopy.     

小麦×玉米单倍体植株再生体系的建立

为获得一定规模的小麦单倍体植株以构建小麦DH(Double Haploid)群体,采用小麦(Triticum aestivum,2n=42)与玉米(Zeamays,2n=20)远缘杂交诱导小麦单倍体胚,经胚拯救产生单倍体植株,研究了1/2MS培养基中幼胚取材时期、幼胚大小、4℃处理时间、暗处理时间对单倍体胚培养再生成苗的影响,结果表明:授粉后12天~16天取材的幼胚经胚拯救后成苗率无明显差异;0.5mm~1.0mm大小的幼胚成苗率显著高于0mm~0.5mm和1.0mm~1.5mm大小的幼胚成苗率;1天~3天短期4℃处理对胚萌发具有一定促进作用,但处理3天后,出愈率和成苗率降低;胚培养过程中12天左右的24h暗处理能有效提高成苗率。     

β-多样性的研究：应用多元回归和典范分析研究生态方差的分解

 β-多样性刻画了地理区域中不同地点物种组成的变化,是理解生态系统功能、生物多样性保护和生态系统管理的一个重要概念。该文介绍了如何从群落组成,相关环境和空间数据角度去分析β-多样性。β-多样性可以通过计算每个地点的多样性指数,进而对可能解释点之间差异的因子所作的假设进行检验来研究。也可以将涵盖所有点的群落组成数据表看作是一系列环境和空间变量的函数,进行直接分析。这种分析应用统计方法将多样性指数或群落组成数据表的方差进行关于环境和空间变量的分解。该文对方差分解进行阐述。方差分解是利用环境和空间变量来解释β-多样性的一种方法。β-多样性是生态学家用来比较不同地点或同一地点不同生态群落的一种手段。方差分解就是将群落组成数据表的总方差无偏分解成由各个解释变量所决定的子方差。调整的决定系数提供了针对多元回归和典范冗余分析的无偏估计。 方差分解后,可以对感兴趣的方差解释部分进行显著性检验,同时绘出基于这部分方差解释的预测图。     

影像设备电路板测试与故障诊断之系统实现

大型医学影像设备是医院中的贵重设备,其中不少进口设备的维护修理的技术难度较高,医院每年花费在医学影像设备上的维护修理费是非常之大。本文从建立国内的维修力量着眼,研讨医学影像设备维修方法。     

Molecular basis of guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor activity of human neuroglobin by chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry

Oxidized human neuroglobin (Ngb), a heme protein expressed in the brain, has been proposed to act as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) for the GDP-bound form of the heterotrimeric G protein alpha-subunit (Galpha(i)). Here, to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the GDI activity of Ngb, we used an glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assay to confirm that Ngb competes with G-protein betagamma-subunits (Gbetagamma) for binding to Galpha(i), and identified the Galpha(i)-binding site in Ngb by chemical cross-linking with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide, coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis for tryptic peptides derived from the cross-linked Ngb-Galpha(i) complex revealed several binding regions in Ngb. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis of the cross-linked Ngb and Galpha(i) peptides, together with the MS/MS scoring method, predicted cross-linking between Glu60 (Ngb) and Ser206 (Galpha(i)), and between Glu53 (Ngb) and Ser44 (Galpha(i)). Because Ser206 of Galpha(i) is located in the region that contacts Gbetagamma, binding of Ngb could facilitate the release of Gbetagamma from Galpha(i). Binding of Ngb to Galpha(i) would also inhibit the exchange of GDP for GTP, because Ser44 (Galpha(i)) is adjacent to the GDP-binding site and Glu53 (Ngb), which is cross-linked to Ser44 (Galpha(i)), could be located close to GDP. Thus, we have identified, for the first time, the sites of interaction between Ngb and Galpha(i), enabling us to discuss the functional significance of this binding on the GDI activity of Ngb.     

不同桑树品种上朱砂叶螨实验种群内禀增长率的统计推断

为了正确地评价不同桑树品种上朱砂叶螨为害差异,本文通过使用Jackknife方法(刀切法),采用合适的生殖力生命表构建方法,对朱砂叶螨实验种群在不同的4个桑树品种上生殖力表的内禀增长率进行了统计推断。结果表明,温度为28±1℃、相对湿度75%±10%、光周期16L∶8D的条件下,西农6071 (山桑 Morus bombycis Koidz.,2x)、和田白桑 (白桑 M. alba Linne, 3x)、新一之濑 (白桑 M. alba Linne, 2x)和大石(广东桑 M. atropurpurea Roxb., 3x) 4个桑树品种上朱砂叶螨r_m值大小依次为0.41894（0.41043～0.42746）、0.37065（0.36604～0.37526）、0.36171（0.35778～0.36563）和0.35253（0.34757～0.35748）。通过对“伪值”样本同秩的成对t检验比较,这4个桑树品种对朱砂叶螨内禀增长率的影响有显著差异。结果说明朱砂叶螨对4种桑树的易感性,以西农6071、和田白桑、新一之濑、大石顺序渐弱。